Transcript Guided Notes for Basic Chemistry

Guided Notes for Basic
Chemistry
Chapter 2
1. Matter is anything that
occupies space and has
mass. Matter exists in solid,
liquid, and gaseous states.
3 Types of Matter in the Body
 Solids: bones, teeth
 Liquids: blood, plasma
 Gases: air
3. Energy is commonly
defined as the ability to do
work or to put matter into
motion.
4. Chemical energy is stored
in the bonds of chemical
substances. When the bonds
are broken, it becomes
kinetic energy.
5. Electrical energy results
from the movement of
charged particles.
6. Mechanical energy is directly
involved in moving matter.
Radiant energy travels in waves,
that is, energy of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
7. Four elements, carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, and
nitrogen, make up about 96
percent of body weight.
8. Isotopes are atoms that exhibit
two or more structural variations.
Isotopes have the same number
of protons and electrons, but
vary in the number of neutrons.
9. Radioisotopes are the heavier
isotopes of certain atoms, which are
unstable and tend to decompose to
become more stable. Radioisotopes
are used in minute amounts to tag
biological molecules so that they can
be followed, or traced, through the
body.
10. A water molecule is
formed when two hydrogen
atoms bind covalently to one
oxygen atom.
11. Synthesis reactions occur
when 2 or more atoms or
molecules combine to form a
larger, more complex
molecule.
12. Decomposition reactions occur
when a molecule is broken down
into smaller molecules.
Examples of decomposition
reactions that occur in the body
include the digestion of foods and
the breakdown of glycogen.
13. During exchange reactions, a
switch is made between molecule
parts and different molecules are
made. An exchange reaction
occurs when ATP reacts with
glucose.
Difference between organic and
inorganic compounds
 Organic Compounds contain carbon
 Inorganic Compounds do not contain
carbon (except for carbon dioxide)
15. When dissolved in body
fluids, salts, which are ionic
compounds, easily separate
into their ions.
16. Because ions are charged particles,
all salts are electrolytes, which are
substances that conduct an electrical
current in solution. When electrolyte
balance is severely disturbed,
virtually nothing in the body works.
17. Living cells are extraordinarily
sensitive to changes in pH, and
the acid-base balance is carefully
regulated by the kidneys, lungs,
and chemicals called buffers.
18.Carbohydrates, which include sugars
and starches, contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are classified
according to size as
monosaccharides, disaccharides, or
polysaccharides.
The 3 Types of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides: glucose
 Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
 Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen
20. The most abundant lipids in
the body are neutral fats,
phospholipids, and steroids. All
lipids contain carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. Most lipids are
insoluble in water.
21. The single most important
steroid molecule is cholesterol,
which enters the body in animal
products such as meat, eggs,
and cheese.
22. Proteins account for over
50 percent of the organic
matter in the body, and they
have the most varied
functions of organic
molecules.
23. The building blocks of
proteins are small molecules
called amino acids.
24. Based on their overall
shape and structure,
proteins are classified as
either fibrous or globular.
Fibrous Proteins
Fibrous proteins are strand-like and bind
structures together
Examples include keratin and collagen
Globular Proteins
 Globular proteins are mobile,
generally spherical molecules that
play crucial roles in biological
processes
 Examples include antibodies,
hormones, and enzymes
27. ATP is all-important because it
provides a form of chemical
energy used by all body cells.
Without ATP, molecules cannot be
made or broken down, cells can’t
maintain boundaries, and life
processes stop.