Transcript RACC BIO Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules
L.E.Q. What are the four main biological molecules?
The Chemistry of Living Things
Organic compounds – contain Carbon
And Hydrogen
Inorganic compounds – do not
Carbon is an ideal Building Block
Carbon is able to bond to itself and
other elements to form large
molecules.
Importance of Carbon
 It has one electron in each valence shell
 Makes it very good for bonding
 It can form large stable molecules
 Form single, double and triple bonds
Organic molecules are usually large. How
are they made?
 Monomer – a small, repeating unit
(molecule)
 Polymer – many monomers bonded
together.
 Macromolecule.
 A large molecule
How do Monomers form Polymers?
 Dehydration Synthesis
 Dehydration means to take water out
 When monomers bond together they lose a water
molecule
Since many organic
molecules have the
elements oxygen and
hydrogen in them,
this isn’t hard to do.
How do you break down Macromolecules?
 Hydrolysis
 Hydro – water
lysis – break
 Breaking of a bond in a molecule using water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
Time 4:30
Functional Groups
the 6 main ones for Bio
 Attach themselves to this long carbon chain
 Gives the molecule its “function”
 Act as the active part of the molecule
 Examples
The 4 Types of Biological (Organic)
Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
 Structure (contain what elements?)
 C, H, and O
 They are found in a ratio of 1C : 2H : 1O
Carbohydrate – Functional Group
 Many Hydroxyl with a carbonyl
Monomer of Carbohydrates (or the Building Blocks)
 Monosaccharide
 Single sugars (one molecule)
 Examples are glucose, galactose and fructose (C6H12O6)
glucose
Found in plants and animals
Carbohydrates- What is their Function?
 Primary Energy Source (mono and di-
saccharides)
 Glucose is a simple sugar that our body uses
as its main source of fuel
 Easily absorbed in blood stream
Carbohydrates – Disaccharides
Complex sugars
 Double Sugar
 Made of two monosaccharides
 Most common disaccharide is sucrose (glucose+fructose)
 Found in plant sap
 We use it to make table sugar
 Sucrose and maltose
 Lactose is the sugar present in milk.
Carbohydrates- What is their Function?
 Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides
 Made up of many monosaccharides or
disaccharides.
 Example: Starch
o Broken down throughout the day
o Plants store food in the form of starch
Carbohydrates- What is their Function?
 Storage of Energy-Polysaccharides
 Another Example
Glycogen
o Humans store glycogen in their liver.
o This can be converted to energy when needed
Carbohydrates- What is their Function?
Structural - Polysaccharides
– serves as building material in plants and other organisms.
EXAMPLES
 Cellulose
 building material of plant
cell walls
 Chitin
 Forms cell walls in fungi
(mushrooms) and the
exoskeleton of arthropods
Lipids
 Often known as Fats
 Provide energy and the surrounding to cell membranes
 Important component of the molecule is the hydrocarbon
tails
 Makes up the “fatty acid” portion of the molecule
 When bonds are broken, it releases energy
Lipids
 Many Lipids are NOT soluble in water.
 Meaning – they do not dissolve in water
They are non-polar
molecules.
• Remember water
is polar, so other
polar molecules
will dissolve in
water
Oil and water
don’t mix
Groups of Lipids- Triglycerides
 Function -Store Energy
 Made up of a glycerol attached to three fatty
acid chains
Triglcerides

Energy reserves
 carbohydrates give short term energy storage
 (carbs can be turned into fats)
 Triglycerides give LONG term energy storage
Protective
cushion and
insulator
Source of energy in
hibernating animals
Types of Triglycerides
 Saturated Lipids: every carbon
atom contains the most # of
hydrogens that it can.
 Contained in animal products.
 Solid at room temp.
 Unsaturated Lipids:
there is at least 1 double
bond bet. carbon atoms.
 Plant oils.
 Liquid at room temp.
FYI – Trans Fats
Groups of Lipids - Phospholipids
 Structure
 Two fatty acid chains
 A “head” with a phosphate group
 The head is polar, so it is hydrophilic
Groups of Lipids - Phospholipids
 Function as parts of cell membranes
 form the bilayer that make up cell membranes.
 Serves as a boundary between the cell and the
environment
 Are soluble in water
Groups of Lipids - Steroids
 Structure
 Ringed hydrocarbons with a methyl group
 This example is Cholesterol (the one you should be
most familiar with)
Groups of Lipids - Steroids
 Include Cholesterol and Sex Hormones
 Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and helps
keep them fluid
 Sex hormones include testosterone and estrogen
Waxes
 In nature can be waxes produced by plants as a barrier to
water
 Also beeswax
 All are hydrophobic
Nucleic Acids- Function
Carries Genetic information
 Examples are DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Gene expression and regulation

Nucleic Acid –Structure
 Made up of Nucleotides
 These monomers are repeated many times
 Each Nucleotide consists of
 5-Carbon sugar
 Phosphate Group
 Nitrogen containing Base
Contains
C, H, N, O, and P
Nucleic Acid –Structure
The Sugar
 Pentose Sugars
 Notice the Hydroxyl Groups
 Deoxyribose has one less hydroxyl group, hence the name
Nucleic Acid –Structure-The Base
 The nitrogen bases each contain an amino group (NH2)
 Adenine and Guanine are known as Purines
 They are double ringed structures
 Cytosine and Thymine and Uracil are known as Pyrimidines
 They are single ringed structures
Proteins
a.k.a. Polypeptides
 Structure
 Monomers (Building Blocks)
 Amino Acids
 Functional groups
 Amino group
 Carboxyl group
Consists of
C, H, O, and N
Proteins- Structure (side chains, the “R” group)
There are 20
different
amino acids
Each contains
a carboxyl
group and an
amino group
Each side
chain is
different.
(colored)
Protein Structure
a) Primary – the sequence of the
amino acids
b) Secondary- the forming of
hydrogen bonds
a)
NOTE: secondary structure
involves the hydrogen bonding.
That is what creates the alpha
helix. Which forms coils or the
beta pleated sheet (which are
“flat”)
c) Tertiary – the three dimensional
structure
d) Quaternary – three dimensional
structure when the protein has
multiple units
Protein - Functions
 Do most of the work in cells and are required for
the structure, function, and regulation of the
body's tissues and organs
Protein - Functions
 Structural proteins – for support
 Making webs. Keratin is the protein of hair, horns and feathers
 Storage proteins
 Egg white is the amino acid source for the developing embryo
 Plants have storage proteins in their seeds
 Transport Proteins
 Hemoglobin, transports oxygen in the blood.
 Hormonal proteins
 Insulin helps regulate the concentration of sugar in the blood
 Defensive proteins
 Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses
 Enzymatic Proteins are probably the most important type of protein
 Enzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up chemical reactions.
Protein -Function
 ENZYMES
 proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical
reactions
 Catalyst – a substance that enables a chemical reaction to
proceed at a usually faster rate.
 The enzyme is not consumed in the reaction and can be
used over and over.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4
Protein - Enzymes
How Enzymes Function
 Substrate – the “reactants” . These bind to the
enzyme
 Active Site – where the “reactants” bind to the enzyme
 Products – what is formed during the reaction
There are many different enzymes, but each one will only fit one substrate. Like a
lock and key.
Active site
The enzyme speeds up the reaction and forms the Products.
Protein – Enzyme Functions
 Enzymes require specific conditions to function normally
 Factors that affect enzyme function
 Heat
 pH
 If it gets too hot, or the pH changes, then the structure
of the enzyme is affected and the reaction can’t take
place.
 The enzyme is Denatured
The shape of the
enzyme is changed