Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
States of
Consciousness
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our
environments
Fantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences with
lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing
Sleep and Dreams
Circadian rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on a
24 hour cycle wakefulness body
temperature
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
paradoxical sleep
muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Typical Nightly Sleep
Stages
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Typical Nightly Sleep
Stages
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss
fatigue
impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
• planes
• autos and trucks
Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea
cessation of breathing
often associated with snoring
repeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors
high arousal- appearance of being
terrified
usually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of
falling asleep
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
Sleep
stages
Night Terrors
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
occur within 2 or 3
hours of falling
asleep
during Stage 4
Nightmares
occur toward
morning
during REM sleep
Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning
Dreams
Information Processing
helps consolidate day’s memories
stimulates neural development
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep
deprivation
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts or behaviors will
spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to
suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Hypnosis
Memory
sometimes a relaxed, focused state can
improve recall
“hypnotically refreshed” memories are
unreliable
false memories or pseudomemories can be
implanted
intentionally
unintentionally
Hypnosis
Unhypnotized
persons can
also do this
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and alters mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Drug
effect
Tolerance
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
need for
progressively larger
doses to achieve
same effect
Withdrawal
discomfort and
distress with
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system,
reducing anxiety but impairing
memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity,
temporarily lessening pain and
anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing accelerated body
functions and associated energy
and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in
marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
Trends in Drug Use
Percentage
of high school
seniors
reporting use
80
70
60
50
Alcohol
40
30
Marijuana/
hashish
20
Cocaine
10
0
‘76
‘78
‘80
‘82
‘84
‘86
Year
‘88
‘90
‘92
‘94
‘96
Near Death Experiences
Near Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a
close brush with
death
often similar to
drug-induced
hallucinations
Near Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are two
distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body are
different aspects of the same thing