Transcript UNWTO Statistics on CASs* tourism, 1995-2009

The Role of Tourism in Economic
Development and Poverty
Alleviation
Dr Thomas Bauer, School of Hotel and Tourism Management,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]
Economic Perspective
• From an economic perspective, the growth of
tourism provides countries with increased
employment opportunities as well as
additional tax and foreign exchange revenues.
• If leakages can be kept to a minimum
international tourism can also play a
significant role in diversifying the economies
of countries.
World Tourism Growth
Actual International Tourist Arrivals
million
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
602 626
586
528 561
675 675 695 684
755
795
839
894 913 877
935
•Speedy recovery at 6.7%, compared
with the drop of 4% in 2009
•2010: 935 million
•2009: 877 million -> 2010: +58mn
•2008: 913 million -> 2010: +22mn
1995
2000
2005
2010
Data source: UNWTO (various years)
World Tourism Growth vs. Forecast
Source: Kester, J. (2011)
Tourism Contribution to World Economy
2011 Estimates
2021 Forecast
Direct contribution
US$ 1850 bn (+4.5%)
US$ 2860.5 bn
(annualised +4.2%)
(in constant 2011 price)
Percentage to GDP
2.8%
2.9%
Total contribution
(% to GDP)
US$5991.9 bn(9.1%)
US$ 9226.9 bn(9.6%)
Direct employment (%)
99,048,000 (3.4%)
120,427,000 (3.6%)
Total employment (%)
258,592,000 (8.5%)
323,826,000 (9.7%)
US$1,162.7bn (5.8%)
US$1,789.2bn (4.7%)
US$652.4bn (4.5%)
US$1,487.9bn (4.6%)
GDP
Employment
Visitor export
Investment
Data source: WTTC (2011)
Total Contribution of Travel and
Tourism to World GDP
Source: ©WTTC (2011)
Tourism in Central Asia
UNWTO Statistics on CASs’ Tourism, 1995-2009
Year
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Arrivals Receipts Arrivals Receipts Arrivals Receipts Arrivals Receipts Arrivals Receipts
(,000) (US$ Mn) (,000) (US$ Mn) (,000) (US$ Mn) (,000) (US$ Mn) (,000) (US$ Mn)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
..
202
284
257
394
1474
1845
2832
2410
3073
3143
3468
3876
3447
3118
155
258
350
454
394
403
502
680
638
803
801
973
1213
1255
1184
36
42
87
59
48
59
99
140
342
398
319
766
1656
2435
2147
..
4
7
12
18
20
32
48
62
92
94
189
392
569
459
..
..
..
..
2
4
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
5
7
9
10
11
16
24
20
218
217
257
300
..
3
5
11
8
15
12
6
8
..
..
..
13
46
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
92
173
253
272
487
302
345
332
231
262
242
560
903
1069
..
..
15
19
..
102
63
72
68
48
57
28
43
51
64
..
Arrivals stand for tourist arrival which exclude same-day visitors and cruise passengers in UNWTO’s statistical terms. Shaded data refer to total number of
visitors as no separate data for same-day visitors and/or cruise passengers are available for those specific years.
[2] Tourism receipts include receipts on travel and receipts on passenger transport. Shaded data refer to receipts on travel as no aggregated data are available
for those specific years.
[3] No available data.
[4] Data provided by the country to UNWTO which do not appear in the International Monetary Fund data.
[1]
International Tourist Arrivals at the CASs,
1995-2009
‘000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Year
95
96
97
Kazakhstan
98
99
Kyrkyzstan
00
01
02
Tajikistan
03
04
05
Turkmenistan
06
07
08
09
Uzbekistan
Data source: UNWTO (various years)
GDP:
GDP:
GDP:
US$ 131 bn
US$ 4.4 bn
US$ 5.8 bn
Per capita:
US$ 12,800
Per capita:
US$ 2,200
Unemployed:
≈6.5%
2010
Uzbekistan
2010
Turkmenistan
2010
Tajikistan
2010
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
CASs’ Basic Economic Indicators
2010
GDP:
GDP:
US$ 28 bn
US$ 38 bn
Per capita:
US$ 2,000
Per capita:
US$ 7,400
Per capita:
US$ 3,100
Unemployed:
Unemployed:
Unemployed:
Unemployed:
18% (2004)
2.2% (2009)
60% (2004)
1.1% (+20%
underemployed)
GINI Index:
26.70
(2009)
GINI Index:
30.30
(2003)
GINI Index:
32.60(2006)
GINI Index:
40.80
(1998)
GINI Index:
36.80
(2003)
Data source: CIA World Factbook (2011); World Bank (2011)
Tourism Contribution to CASs’ Economy
2009
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Tourism receipt
US$ 1184 mn
US$459 mn
US$20mn US$46 mn (1997) US$64 mn (2008)
% of total exports
2.45%
20.5%
2%
..
..
Travel services, % of
commercial service
exports
22.25%
..
2%
12.41% (1997)
..
Total economic impact
(WTTC’s 2011 estimates)
5.3% of GDP
6.0% of GDP
..
..
..
Total contribution to
employment
(WTTC’s 2011 estimates)
386,000 jobs 118,000 jobs ..
(4.8 %of total) (5.2% of total)
..
..
WTTC’s world relative
143
ranking , 2011 (out of 181)
131
..
..
..
WEF tourism
competitiveness index,
2011 (out of 139)
107
118
..
..
93
Data source: WEF (2011); World Bank (various years); WTTC (2011)
Tourism Establishments in CASs
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Hotel: 370
(2005)
Hotels: 267
(2010)
Hotels: 172
(2005)
Travel firms: 430
(2005)
Travel firms:
Travel firms: 293
(2005)
Over 500 (2006)
Data source: Kantarci (2007); Shamsiev, A. (Personal Communication, January 24, 2010)
Alleviating Poverty- what role can tourism play?
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Poverty Alleviation through Tourism
• Tourism is on the increase but benefits are not
evenly spread across many countries and ways
have to be found to rectify this unequal
distribution of benefits.
• The power of sustainable tourism to assist in
alleviating poverty in rural or peripheral areas
needs to be harnessed.
• This requires government appropriate
government policies, strategies, planning and
implementation
Pro Poor Tourism Strategies
• Tourism designed and developed for the poor
and the alleviation of poverty
• The major difference between a market- led
and a pro-poor tourism development agenda
is that the latter uis designed to counter the
problem of poverty, inequality and marginality
Types of Products
• A range of products can conceivably be developed
including attraction, tours, packages, shopping,
entertainment, information provision etc.
• Products can be developed from two perspectives:
• 1. by involving the poor in the development and
management of the product and
• 2. by developing products based on the assets of the
poor (culture, way of life etc.)
Thank You
for listening
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