Transcript What is Human Development?

The Human Development Approach
and People with Disabilities
1. Human Development Conceptual and
measurement framework
2. Human Development Contribution to the
development debate
3. Entry Points for Disability in the Human
Development Approach
1.Conceptual and
measurement framework
“The contrast between what great things human
beings can achieve and what limited lives most
women and men end up living is truly remarkable.”
- Amartya Sen
“People are the real wealth of nations.”
“The objective of development is to create an
enabling environment for people to enjoy long,
healthy and creative lives.”
- Mahbub ul Haq
2010: Human development
"Human development is the expansion of
people’s freedoms to live long, healthy and
creative lives; to advance other goals they
have reason to value; and to engage
actively in shaping development equitably
and sustainably on a shared planet. People
are both the beneficiaries and drivers of
human development, as individuals and in
groups.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measuring Human Development
The origins: GDP vs HDI
•
The HDI is “an index just as vulgar as GDP but
it stands for better things” (Amartya Sen)
•
HDI aggregates health education and income
•
GDP/HDI:
commodity-centred vs human-centred
Indicators need to be: relevant, internationally
comparable, available for many countries
•
•
Neglected dimensions: gender, equity,
sustainability...
Inequality-adjusted Human
Development Index (IHDI)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
HD Indices Sources
HDI
• Life expectancy: UNDESA World Population Prospects
• Years of Schooling: UNESCO Institute for Statistics and
Barro and Lee (2010) [NBER working paper 15902]
• GNI PPP per capita: World Bank’s World Development
Indicators
IHDI
• Life expectancy: UNDESA World Population Prospects
• Years of Schooling: household survey data in
international databases (EUSILC, UNICEF-MICS, USAIDDHS, WHO-WHS)
• Household income or consumption: household survey
data in international databases (Luxemburg Income
Study, EUSILC, UNICEF-MICS, USAID-DHS, World
Bank’s International Income Distribution Database, United
Nations University’s Income Inequality Database)
HD Indices Sources
GII
• Maternal Mortality: UNICEF’s The State of World’s
Children
• Adolescent Fertility: UNDESA World Population Prospects
• Educational Attainments: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
and Barro and Lee (2010) [NBER working paper 15902]
• Labour Market Participation: ILO LABORISTA database
MPI: household surveys
• Demographic and Health Survey – USAID
• The Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey – UNICEF
• The World Health Survey - WHO
2. Contribution to the
development debate
Global Reports19902010
HDR 90 - Concept and Measurement
HDR 91 - Financing
HDR 92 - Global Dimensions
HDR 93 - People’s Participation
HDR 94 - Human Security
HDR 95 - Gender
HDR 96 - Economic Growth
HDR 97 - Eradicate Poverty
HDR 98 - Consumption
HDR 99 - Globalization
HDR 00 - Human Rights
HDR 01 - New technologies
HDR 02 - Democracy
HDR 03 - MDGs
HDR 04 - Cultural Liberty
HDR 05 - Aid, trade and security
HDR 06 - Water
HDR 07/08 - Climate Change
HDR 09 - Migration
HDR 10 - Pathways to HD
HDR 11 - Sustaining equitable
progress
HDR Impact: News and academic citations
• HDR continues to outperform its closest competitor (the World
Bank’s annual World Development Report) by almost 2:1
– The HDI is a key contributor to that success.
• In academic citations, the HDR recently overtook the WDR.
– In 2010, HDR’s academic citations = 4,090, compared to the WDR’s
2,790
• Widespread endorsement from policy and academic circles
– “One of the world’s most significant documents.” Gregg Easterbrook,
The New Republic
– “Substantially enriches our understanding of the development
landscape.” Dani Rodrik, Harvard
Regional, National and Sub-national
Reports: More than just Reports
Since 1992, more than 600 National and Sub-national HDRs, as well
as 30 Regional Reports, have been produced in more then 130
countries.
• Inspired by the global HDR
• Tool to tailor development strategies to local realities
• Seeing people as the nation’s wealth, end and means
of advancing the development agenda
• Provide new research and disaggregated data
• Offer innovation in concept, measurement, and policy
• Focus on equity, efficiency, empowerment, and
sustainability in policies and the HDR process itself
NHDR influence
• Inclusive: youth involvement in
Turkey
HDR2008:
“Youth in
Turkey”
each stage of the HDR preparation
process
• Thorough analysis: focus on 5
million youth out of education and
employment
• Relevance: more than 1,000 news
reports, articles and interviews
• Influence: youth policy and youth
NGOs coalition
The importance of an inclusive process
• 216 events to gauge opinions
Colombia –
Valle del Cauca
sub-national
HDR 2008
“On the path to
an inclusive
and peaceful
Valle del
Cauca”
and gather voices, proposals
and commitments
• 4,369 people throughout the
different territories: community
members, local leaders, civil servants,
government representatives, academics,
businessmen and women, workers,
country workers and farmers, displaced
people, the disabled, those reinserted into
society, women and the elderly, young
people, homosexuals, indigenous people
and people of African descent.
Measurement Innovation
• Disaggregation (e.g. Roma MDGs)
• Comparing subjective and objective
data (e.g. human security perceptions
in Latvia)
• Qualitative analysis of quantitative
data (e.g. Cambodia - the financial
returns to education are higher for
women)
• Measuring deprivations in the countrycontext (e.g. social inclusion indices in
BiH)
• New indices covering more dimensions
(e.g. Dominican Republic on individual
and collective empowerment)
3. Entry Points for
Disability
• Data Availability
WHO-World Bank “World Report on Disability” – best source of
internationally comparable data, but:
• Considerable efforts made to improve disability data. But
need more robust, comparable, and complete data collection
especially in developing countries.
• Data on disability are scarce (only for 60 countries the
disability prevalence rate was estimated) and outdated
(data from the 1970s – Congo - and 1980s). Better with the
national health surveys: data from 1996 to 2008.
• Only years of health lost due to disability (YLD) is computed
for almost all member states. WHO modeling exercise based
on a not completely settled and criticized methodology.
More can be done at National Level
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
HDR 2007
People with disabilities, as
confirmed by the experience
of many countries, are more
vulnerable to poverty and
social exclusion. The analysis
made by for Bosnia and
Herzegovina, based on the
2001 LSMS results, showed
that having a disability or
special needs increases the
likelihood of becoming poor
by 18%.
More can be done at National Level
Croatia
HDR 2006
All problems relating to the social exclusion of
people with physical disability in Croatia stem
from insufficient and inadequate
representation in the political process.
However, there is a substantial segment of
this population that does not feel excluded
from society, because of the support afforded
to them by their family and friends. Family
that acts as the main support for the
disabled person also requires support
from the community, and from the state.
Regardless of the amount of support given to
the disabled, their quality of life will not
improve without self-acceptance. This is why
it is necessary to empower disabled
people, to challenge the culture of
complacency, thus enabling their full
integration into all spheres of social relations
More can be done at National Level
Kazakhstan
HDR 2009
… the co-ordination of common
human development problems and
issues, which are related to the
realisation of the rights of citizens
who have limited abilities due to
physical, psychological,
intellectual or sensory deficits, is
one of the most important indicators.
It defines the degree of the
government’s obligation for the
citizens at present, the focus on the
fair future, and also of how effective
the system of state management is in
order to achieve objectives of the
stable development of the country in
general
Resources
The HDR website: http://hdr.undp.org/en/
The HDR Database: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/
Take the Human Development Journey:
http://learning.undp.org/
Join HDR-net: [email protected]
Join the HD space in Teamworks:
https://undp.unteamworks.org/node/16796
Thank you!
[email protected]