Transcript Presentation

International Conference on Traditional Forest Related Knowledge &
Sustainable Forest Management in Africa
TRADITIONNAL AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS IN TOGO: VARIABILITY
ACCORDING TO LATITUDE AND LOCAL
COMMUNITIES
WALA K.1, GUELLY A.K.1, BATAWILA K. 1, DOURMA M. 1, SINSIN B.2 &
AKPAGANA K. 1
1 : Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology, University of Lomé, Po Box 1515
Lomé – TOGO
2 : Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi 01BP 526,
Cotonou - BENIN
GENETIC
RESOURCES
HIGH VALUES
BIODIVERSITY
ECOLOGICALS
BENEFITS
UNFORTUNATELY
Human activities : agriculture, pasture, wood
exploitation, medicinal plants gathering, etc.
Forest degradation (FAO 2001, Achard et al.,
2002).
LOST OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
HUMAN
LIVELIHOODS
WEST AFRICA
TWO MAJORS TRADITIONAL PRACTICES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO FOREST
DIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Sacred forests
and trees
Traditional agroforestry
systems
SUBJECT OF THIS
COMMUNICATION
Particularity of agrarian landscape in tropical
Africa : presence of trees conserved and
keep up by the farmers
Ecological
benefits
Wala et al.
2003,
Wala et al.
2005,
Guelly et al. 1999,
Guelly 2000,
Padakale 2005,
Togo : small country of West Africa, about
56600 Km², between Ghana (west) and
Benin (east) and Burkina Faso (north)
Vegetation: Mainly covered by savannah
except the southwest zone covered by
semi-deciduous forests
Climate : sub-equatorial in the south, and
tropical sudanian in the north (latitudinal
gradient of climate characteristics)
Population : estimated to 5337000 with 70
to 80 percent rural; diversity of ethnic
groups (40) with agriculture and breeding
as major economic activities.
STUDYS AIMS:
1. Inventory traditional agrosytems in each ecological
zone
2. Analyze the structure of these agrosystems
(species diversity, density, etc.)
3. Determine species uses (economical and cultural)
This is a synthesis which aims to show the
variability of agrosystems in Togo
following latitudinal gradient and local
communities’ practices.
Data collection
Sites selected within four ecological zones (fig. 1).
In each sites:
1. composition and structure of agrosystems
analyzed trough trees inventory in farms and
fallows in 10 plots of 50 m x 50 m.
2. ethnobotanic inquiries done at farmers level
(age of farms, duration of fallows, origin and uses
of trees conserved in farms, principal crops).
Data analysis
- Species diversity (species richness, Shannon
index, evenness of Pielou Maguran 1988).
- Tree density and frequency
- Species chorology spectrum following
White (1986)
- Cluster analysis (similarities between sites)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three types of traditional agroforestry systems
were identified:
1. home garden,
2. farm parkland,
3. « multistage farms » (agroforest) practice in
cocoa and coffee plantations.
HOME GARDENS
Home garden: Agroforestry systems located around
houses widely distributed across the country
Floristic analysed at Niamtougou site (9°50’).
Species richness : 5 to 52 species.
Introduced fruit-trees are planted: Mangifera indica, Citrus spp,
Carica papaya, Annona muricata, Cocos nucifera, Psidium
guajava, etc.
Local fruit-trees : Hyphaene thebaica, Borassus aethiopum, Zanha
golungensis, Spondias mombin, Blighia sapida,
Multipurse trees (leaves, seeds, flowers): (Adansonia digitata,
Ceiba pentandra, Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina,
Bombax costatum, etc.)
Forage trees: Ficus thonningii, F. polita, Celtis integrifolia
Fetish-trees: Milicia excelsa, Antiaris africana, Voacanga africana,
Holarrhena floribunda, Oncoba spinosa, Dracaena arborea, A.
digitata, Hyphaene thebaica and Borassus aethiopum.
Farm parklands
Parc à Borassus aethiopum
Farm parklands
SUDANIAN ZONE
CHARACTERISTICS
COSTAL ZONE
Vitellaria and
Parkia types
Elaeis guinenesis
Elaeis and
Dialium type
types
Cocos types
Species richness
18 to 25
21
Shannon diversity
index (bits)
0.51 to 1.97
0.34
Evenness of Pielou
0.19 to 0.77
0.51
Density (trees.ha-1)
26 to 65
135
Abundant species
Vitellaria paradoxa,
Parkia biglobosa,
Elaeis guinensis,
Adansonia digitata
Borassus
, Sclerocarya
aethiopum
birrea, Lannea
microcarpa
37
7 to 15
20 to 35
578 to 643
Dialium
guineensis,
Adansonia
digitata, and
Irvingia
gabonensis
Elaeis
guneensis,
Cocos
nucifera, and
Borassus
aethiopum.
Multistage farms :
Preservation in the cash crop plantations, of some forest trees, which will give their
shade to coffee and cocoa plants as well as another multipurpose services.
is about 260 to 500 trees/ha.
Multistage farms :
Species richness: 79 species
Shannon diversity index is about 3.47 bits
Evenness is medium (0.69).
density is about 260 to 500 trees/ha.
Floristic composition: three categories of species
The fruit-trees planted or
conserved for their income:
coffee (Coffea spp.) and cocoa
(Theobroma cacao), Persea
americana, Citrus spp., Cola nitida,
Elaeis guineensis, Xylopia
aethiopica , Psidium guajava,
Musa sapientum, Citrus sinensis,
Spondias mombin, Mangifera
indica, Carica papaya, Irvengia
gabonensis, Pentadesma
butyracea, Vitex doniana, Dialium
guineense, etc
Timber trees species preserved
at land cleaning time:
Milicia excelsa, Antiaris africana,
Parinari glabra, P. excelsa,
Erythrophleum suaveolens, Khaya
grandifoliola, Alstonia boonei,
Ceiba pentandra, Aubrevillea
kerstingii, Piptadeniastrum
africanum, etc.
“Pioneers” , that appear after
land cleaning:
Harungana madagascariensis,
Albizia adiantifolia, A. ferruginea,
A. glaberrima, A. zygia,
Macaranga barteri, Margaritaria
discoidea, etc.
Floristic composition variation
Cluster analysis shows at 60% of dissemblance three groups of sites:
•the forest zone site (Badou);
•the costal zone (Kévé) ;
•The sudanian zone sites (Niamtougou and Dapaong)
Arbre de 4 Variables
Méth. de Ward
Difference in species
composition of agroforestry
systems between the different
ecological zones.
Dist. Euclidiennes
110
100
(Dcla./Dmax)*100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Badou
Kévé
Niamtougou
Dapaong
Phytogeographic affinities of study sites
Guineo-cogolian species (68% and
35% respectively) dominate
agrosystems in forest zone (plateau)
and costal region
70
Sudano-zambesian
species dominate
agrosystems in
sudanian zones with
respectively 57.85%
at Niamtougou an
38% at Dapaong
Effectif (%)
60
50
40
AT: afro-tropical species
SG : Sudano-guinean species
S: sudanian species
SZ: sudano-zambesian species
Pan: pantropical species
I: introduced species
GC: guineo-congolian species
30
20
10
0
Sites of observation
MAJOR LESSONS
1. Traditional agroforestry systems show that local communities
are
able
to
grow
diverse
tree
species.
Fundaments of this practice: numerous advantages (alimentary
: leaves, flowers, seeds, oil; energetic (fire-wood); forage;
medicinal; timber; soil improving; cultural needs etc.)
2. Management of trees in agrosystems contributes to keep
some vegetation cover in the farming spaces (ecological
advantage by protecting soil against erosion and favoring fast
reforestation
of
fallows)
3. Agroforestry systems are widely dominated by
phytogeographical species that are typical to climatic zone:
proof that local communities identify useful species in their
surrounding environment and then conserve and protect them in
situ.
4. Some introduced fruit-species like Mangifera indica, Citrus
spp., Carica papaya, Annona spp., etc. have a widely
distribution spectrum.
5. Different species are used for the same purpose in different
climatic zone:
• sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) constitutes the main
source of oil, sudanian communities while in the forest
and costal zone there is Elaeis guinenesis
• In the forest zone timber trees are Milicia excelsa,
Antiaris africana, Parinari glabra, P. excelsa,
Erythrophleum suaveolens, Khaya grandifoliola, Alstonia
boonei, Ceiba pentandra, Aubrevillea kerstingii,
Piptadeniastrum africanum, while the sudanian zone,
they are Khaya senegalensis, Afzelia africana,
Pterocarpus erinaceus, Diopyros mespiliformis.
6. Difference between species composition and density of
parklands in southern and northern sudanian zone could also
be explained by difference in rainfall.
Considering high rate of population in rural areas and land
scarcity, the agroforestry systems are a good alternative for
land management.
Agroforestry improvement will contribute to have an adequate
tree cover in farmland, and to assure food security and
revenues in rural areas in the tropics
Policies making in Agroforestry development must take into acount :
1. Ecological conditions,
2. Local communities needs and practices