Transcript Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN
VIETNAM
STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS
PhD. Nguyen Thi Hong Lieu
Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA)
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)
“Reflecting Biodiversity – Holistic approaches and regional adaptation”
BONN, 9-2014
In 2013, Vietnam was ranked as a one of 16
richest diverse biological resources and 10
richest centers of biodiversity in the world.
Vietnam is one of the many types of
ecosystems, species, and genetic resources
rich endemic.
Vietnam currently has:
- 11 National Parks, 61 nature conservation
parks and 34 forests
- In the terrestrial ecosystem:
• 13,200 species of plants,
• 10,000 animals
• 3,000 aquatic species in the inland
wetlands.
- 20 types of ecosystems typical of tropical
marine environment with 11,000 marine
species.
- Currently, many species of animals and
plants continued new discovered and
published in Vietnam.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Services Provided
The percentage contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishery products into the overall national economy
Source: General Statistics Office (2013)
Cultural services
Sales of ecosystem services in the park 2011 (Milion Vietnam dong ~ 36.000 euro)
Source: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, National Report on Biodiversity 2011
- From 14/30 national parks and nature reserves, in 2011 welcomed 728,000
visitors, with total sales of over 1 billion Euro
Regulatory Services :
-
The climate regulation through carbon storage and control rainfall
Water and air purification, decomposition of wastes in the environment
- Mitigate the effects of natural disasters such as landslides or floods.
The value of storage and carbon sequestration of forests in Vietnam is very significant, especially
natural forests.
The value of carbon storage
(eu/ha/y)
Value of carbon sequestration
(eu/ha/y)
north
1200-3000
10-40
centre
1300-3400
20-50
south
1500-3400
20-50
Mangrove forest area
The amount of carbon (t
(ha)
/ ha)
Hòn Đất
793
64800
Rạch Giá
193
15800
Châu Thành
60
4900
An Biên
518
42300
An Minh
973
79500
Tổng
2537
207300
Area
The total estimated amount of carbon in mangrove forests in Kien Giang
Reports of conservation projects and development of Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve done in 2010 (GIZ project)
Support Services
The coastal mangroves Vietnam contribute to the reduction of at least 20-50%
losses caused by storms, sea level rise and tsunami. In particular, the system of
planting mangroves along the dike also serves as a green shield, reducing 20-70% of
the energy of ocean waves, ensuring the safety of sea dikes, saving trillion for the
maintenance and repair of sea dikes
TRENDS OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Terrestrial ecosystems
- According to Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, the forest coverage
reached 39.5% in 2010
- The goal in the future is to increase forest coverage to 42-43% by 2015 and 4445% by 2020
Forest area(1000 ha)
year
Covered area
Natural forest
Plantations
Total
(%)
1990
8.430
745
9.175
27,8
1995
8.252
1.050
9.302
28,2
2000
9.444,2
1.491
10.915
33,2
2002
9.865
1. 919,6
11.785
35,8
2003
10.005
2.090
12.095
36,1
2004
10.088.3
2.218,6
12.306,9
36,7
2006
10.177,7
2.486,2
12.663,9
38,2
2009
10.339,3
2.919,5
13.258,8
39,1
2010
10.304,8
3.083,3
13.388,1
39,5
2012
10.423.844
3.438.200
13.862.043
40,7
Bảng 3. Movements of area and forest cover in Vietnam (1990 - 2010)
Source: Institute of Investigation and Forest Planning
2. Marine and coastal ecosystems
- From 2008 to 2010, the total area of coral reefs real is 14.130 ha. Decline rapidly over
time, special Co To reef in Quang Ninh (nearly 100% coverage in the past but in 2007
the dead coral cover the whole island up to 90%). The cause of death of most coral
islands surrounding Coto part may be due to a number of fishermen and fishing coral
reefs in this.
- Sea grass ecosystems is also reduced due to the reclamation of ponds for aquaculture
and coastal construction. According to national statistics overall on the current area
of seagrass in Vietnam was reduced from 40-70% compared to 5 years ago
- In 2012, 56% of the total area of mangrove forests is cultivated, pure, poor forest
quality. The mangrove forests primeval barely. From 408 500 ha (1943) to 131 520 ha
(2012)
TRENDS OF SPECIES
1. In Vietnam Red Book 2007 882 species (418 species and 464 plant species), 161 species increased
compared with 1992-1996.
2. 10 species considered extinct in the wild in Vietnam
Javan Rhino Poached to Extinction in Vietnam - Photo Reuters
The last Vietnam Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus) is one of two unique populations of
rhinos remaining on Earth datda confirmed extinct in Vietnam in 2010 . Mostly shot dead for their
horns.
- The number of aquatic species, particularly species of shrimp, fish have economic value diminished
rapidly. Number of individuals of rare species of freshwater fish, have economic value, species
migratory behavior is reduced
TRENDS IN GENETIC RESOURCES
- As one of 12 centers of origin, plant varieties of the world with 16 groups and over
800 plant species.
- National Bank genes are preserved 12 207 varieties of 115 plants, many of which
are indigenous to many unique characteristics that only have in Vietnam.
- The network gene bank conservation of genetic resources preserved more than
17,000 of the 200 species of food plants, food, fruit trees, forest trees, plant materials,
medicinal plants and some plant species other.
- Currently, over 30% of genetic resources are preserved initial assessment of the
biological criteria and about 5-10% of the genes were evaluated in detail and genetic
evaluation
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN VIETNAM
1. Converted to other land uses, water shortage scientific basis and the emergence
of new strains and invasive alien species
- 2010, the country has more than 1,020 hydropower projects (total capacity of 24 246
MW) is planned, of which there are 138 projects in the planning of hydropower on
mainstream major rivers.
-
The poor forest conversion to rubber plantation
-
The development of shrimp farming in the sand and placer mining imenit, resorts
building destroyed thousands of hectares of the central coastal sand, casuarina
forests and coastal protection decline, rapid increases encroachment of sand
inland.
2. The consumption of natural resources and more
- Increasing demand and use of natural resources converted at a rate never before
this.
- Illegal exploitation of timber and non-timber forest products, hunting and
exploitation of wild species.
- The habitat of people in use wild species.
3. The introduction of new varieties and exotic species
Now, the number of exotic plants imported into Vietnam relatively many different
paths. There are about 94 species, belonging to 31 different lineages, including 42
invasive species, 12 species of invasive plants and typically developing
4. Overexploitation by means of the use of unsustainable fishing
- Fishing by destructive methods
- Hunting and illegal trade in wildlife
- From 2005 to 2010, there are 29 tigers (or parts of a tiger, not including the
template to decorate head, claws, teeth and skin) from the service trafficking, illegal
transportation. Currently, an estimated 50 tigers remaining in Vietnam
5. Environmental pollution and climate change
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY
1. The National Strategy on Biodiversity in 2020, with a vision to 2030 (issue 2013). Overall
objectives of the strategy are: important natural ecosystems, species, genetic resources of
endangered, rare and need to be conserved and sustainably used to contribute to national
development-oriented green economy, actively respond to climate change..
2. The program of planting 5 million hectares of forest, which was implemented from 1998 to 2010, by
which the total forest area has increased rapidly, in 2006, the forest coverage rate to 38.2 %, an
increase of 11 % compared to the year in 1990 as well as creating more jobs, contributing to hunger
elimination and poverty reduction in mountainous areas .
3. The program development, raising living resources, planting native plants, wildlife breeding to
ensure sustainable development has made certain achievements. Nationally, the end of 2006, there
are about 50 species of animals and dozens of species of wildlife are breeding, cultivation of 316
farms and 1658 households, mostly for commercial purposes. However, due to Vietnam joined
CITES Convention sothat the captive wildlife species currently managed and closely guide.
4. Program Offshore Fishing with the goal to reduce the intensity of exploitation and protection of
aquatic resources coastal waters depleted capital for years.
5. The program for aquaculture development and preservation of rare aquatic species has encouraging
results, aquatic feed production is increasing, many aquatic species have economic value were
researched on artificial breeding and grow-out.
6. The model uses sustainable mangrove community-based. Education, Training and Awareness.
RESOURCES FOR CONSERVATION ARE LIMITED
1. Human resource in conservation is lack of strength in numbers and not quality.
2. Investment funds for implementation of biodiversity conservation from increased funding but also
spread, lack of focus and investment efficiency is low. Lasck of long-term commitment to
conservation
3. The investigation of fundamental biological resources and biodiversity, although there are some
achievements, but also a lack of system, there is no comprehensive surveillance system to monitor
biodiversity changes. Information on biodiversity are scattered in organization and management
studies vary, no systematic database and mechanisms to share, exchange, and manage information;
4. Although a large number of protected areas have been established and put into operation a long
time, but most are small and separated, making the management of the protected area is still
limited: in the protected area system differences in classification and functional areas according to
law 3: aquatic resource protection and development of forest biodiversity;
5. Many natural ecosystems are important not pay proper attention in the reserve system. No wetland
protected areas have been. established/.
6. Function unified state management of biodiversity is not really clear policy system, there are some
shortcomings, in some cases, regulations in many overlapping policies, effective law enforcement
is not high .