Transcript 2009.bio377.lec1

Community Ecology
Introduction
Introduced Predators Transform Subarctic Islands from Grassland to Tundra
D. A. Croll,1* J. L. Maron,2 J. A. Estes,1,3 E. M. Danner,1 G. V. Byrd4
+ Foxes
- Foxes
Ecological Meltdown in Predator-Free Forest Fragments
John Terborgh,1* Lawrence Lopez,2 Percy Nuñez,3 Madhu Rao,4, 5 Ghazala Shahabuddin,6 Gabriela Orihuela,7 Mailen Riveros,8
Rafael Ascanio,9 Greg H. Adler,11 Thomas D. Lambert,10 Luis Balbas12
Pattern
Global patterns in biodiversity
KEVIN J. GASTON
Nature 405, 220 - 227 (11 May 2000);
doi:10.1038/35012228
a, Species–area relationship: earthworms in areas ranging from 100 m 2 to >500,000 km2 across Europe76. b, Species–latitude relationship: birds in
grid cells ( 611,000 km2) across the New World44. c, Relationship between local and regional richness: lacustrine fish in North America (orange
circles, large lakes; blue circles, small lakes)61. d, Species–elevation relationship: bats in Manu National Park & Biosphere Reserve, Peru77. e,
Species–precipitation relationship: woody plants in grid cells (20,000 km 2) in southern Africa78.
Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary
Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity
Gradient
David Jablonski,1* Kaustuv Roy,2 James W. Valentine3
Process
Hypotheses:
Competing or
complimentary
?
Local Diversity
• Local processes build up to region?
• Density/frequency dependence, niches
• Regional processes filter to local?
• Source pools, extinction speciation, neutral theory, niches
Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities
Norman Myers, Russell A. Mittermeier, Cristina G. Mittermeier, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Jennifer Kent
Nature 403, 853-858 (24 February 2000)
Fig. 1. Our case study area, GPNP and its surrounding 10-km buffer (black), is located on the southwest
coast of the island of Borneo, in the province of West Kalimantan (light gray)
L. M. Curran et al., Science 303, 1000 -1003 (2004)
Fig. 2. Cumulative forest loss within the GPNP boundary (yellow) and its surrounding 10-km buffer. Forest and nonforest
classifications (13) are based on a Landsat Thematic Mapper time series). Classifications are shown for (A) 1988, (B) 1994,
and (C) 2002.
L. M. Curran et al., Science 303, 1000 -1003 (2004)
• Habitat loss
• What do we expect to happen to communities?
– What is a community?
– What measures are we interested in? How do they
change?
– How do we go about getting at cause and effect in
complex systems?
Harvesting effects
How do we get from great whale harvests (left) to kelp decline?
Harvesting: Fisheries management
Fig. 1. Fraction of the sea bottom and adjacent waters contributing to the world fisheries from 1950 to
2000 (30) and projected to 2050 by depth (logarithmic scale). Note the strong reversal of trends required
for 20% of the waters down to 100-m depth to be protected from fishing by 2020.
The Future for Fisheries
Daniel Pauly,1* Jackie Alder,1 Elena Bennett,2 Villy Christensen,1 Peter Tyedmers,3 Reg Watson1
48,000 Years of Climate and Forest Change in a Biodiversity Hot Spot
Mark B. Bush,1* Miles R. Silman,2*
Dunia H. Urrego
Representation of pollen taxa
Continuous, high
resolution (5mm/yr)
core
Continuous wet forest
taxa for 50,000 yrs
Gradual change in
community composition
Consuelo Ordination
Two basic states
(1) 30 kyr
(2) 11 kyr
Evidence of
cycles
DCA Axis 1 vs. Time
50000
• Two major forest
types
• Periodic changes
Age (cal yr bp)
40000
– ENSO, drought
cycles, D-O
events
30000
20000
• Gradual ~8-10 ky
transition
• Non-equilibrium?
10000
0
0
50
100
DCA Axis 1
150
200