Transcript Biology in the 21St Century

BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Section 1: The Study of Life
st
Why
would
biology
in
the
21
Section
2: Unifying
Themes of Biology
New
information,
reinterpretation of old
century be any different from the
Section
3: Scientific Thinking and
Processes
information,
new
technology, new
biology of the 1990’s?
techniques…
all of these can change
Section
4: Biologists’ Tools and Technology
how
a and
biologist
Section
5: Biology
Your Future thinks and interprets
biological processes.
All notes adapted from:
Biology
Stephen Nowicki
McDougal Littell
Division Houghton Mifflin Company
Unless otherwise noted, all images are
from Office.com Online Clipart (2013)
THE STUDY OF LIFE
**** Earth: Incredible Diversity Of Life.
 Found
Park
in hot acidic water of Yellowstone National
 Found
in darkest, deepest oceans
and the ice of Antarctica.
 Variety
of shapes and sizes:

Plants:
tiny mosses to giant redwoods

Animals:
honey pot ants to blue whales
Worker honeypot ants / Tom D. / License
Photos by Susan Sachs
Lipman & Michael Lipman
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
 Biosphere
 All
living things and all the places they are found
on Earth make up the biosphere.

Every part is connected
Air,
Water, Land and even the inside
of your nose
(home to bacteria/fungi)
 Biodiversity
 The
variety of life (across the biosphere) is called
biodiversity.
 Biodiversity is greater as you get closer to the
equator.

Consistently warmer temperatures (compared to large
temperature changes)
This
provides larger, more consistent food supply for more
species
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
 Species
is a particular type of living thing that can
reproduce by interbreeding.
2
million identified
 Tens of millions remain to be discovered
 Over one half of the know species are insects
 Every year about 10,000 new species are discovered.
 Expanding
your knowledge:
A daughter species is a new species, evolved from
a parent species, having most of the parents’
genetic information.
 Pseudoextinction:
extinction of the parent species
when the daughter species still exist.

Example: Dinosaurs – pseudoextinct  some of their
descendants, birds, survive today.
APPLY:
Explain Biodiversity in terms of species
STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
**** Organisms and Shared Characteristics
 An
organism is any individual living thing, and
Biology is the study of all forms of life.
Characteristics
of living things
1. Cells: All organisms are made of one or
more cells.
A
cell is the basic unit of life
Unicellular
(single celled)
Multicellular
(many cells)
Multicellular Image from:
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/unicellular-and-multicellular
Images from:
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_plantlikeprotists.html
STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
Unicellular
(single celled)
Images from:
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_plantlikeprot
ists.html
 One
cell carries
out all the
necessary functions
of life
Multicellular
(many cells)
 Different
cells have different
functions, specialized
functions to carry out the
necessary functions of life.
Single vs
Multi Cell
Video
1m:49s

Muscle cells – contract and relax

Stomach cells – secrete digestive juices

Brain cells – interpret sensory information
Multicellular Image from:
http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/unic
ellular-and-multicellular
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
2. Need For Energy: all organisms need a
source of energy, which is the ability to
cause a change or do work.
 Chemical
Energy is the form of energy used
Plants
use sunlight (light energy) and convert it
to chemical energy
Some
organisms, like
animals use other
organisms as their
source of energy.
FoodChain Image from:
http://www.ck12.org/ck12/images?id=350637
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
 Producers
 Primary
– make their own food
consumers eat plants.
 Secondary
consumers eat
other organisms.
FoodChain Image from:
http://www.ck12.org/ck12/images?id=350637
 Metabolism:
the chemical process that builds up
or breaks down materials.
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
3. Response to environment: all organisms must
react to their environment to survive.
Stimuli is a physical factor to
which organisms must respond.
Light, touch, temperature are a few,
but there are many others.
Turtle image from:
www.grit.com
Flower pot image from:
www.sciencephoto.com
Sunflower Image from:
http://www.wonderwhizkids.com/index.php/bio
logy/plant-form-and-function/plant-responses
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)
4. Reproduction and Development: All
organisms must be able to produce new
individuals or reproduce.
 Reproducing
allows organism to pass
on of genetic material
 Genetic
material is in a molecule
called DNA
Deoxyribonucleic
Development
acid
allows organisms to change,
mature and gain the ability to reproduce.
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)

Asexual
Reproduction
Worksheet
Asexual
Reproduction
Video
2m:16sec
Asexual reproduction: one cell divides
into two
Identical
genetic material to the original cell.
Budding
Cutting
Fission
– Hydra
– Plant
– Planaria
Planaria Image from:
http://sciencealiveflatworms.blogspot.com/2011_09_25_archive.html
Hydra Image from:
www.desktopclass.com
Fig Tree Image from:
http://figs4fun.com/basics2.html
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)

Sexual reproduction: combining of
genetic material from both parents.
The
offspring shares genetic material from both parents.
The
offspring is genetically unique
Whale Picture from: www.123rf.com
Dog picture from: www.cutestpaw.com
THE STUDY OF LIFE (CONTINUED)

Summarize: The criteria for life is…








Made of cells

Unicellular

Multicellular
Eats

Producer

Consumer

Primary

Secondary Consumer
Uses Energy
Reproduces

Asexual

Sexual
Develops – (change)
Grows – (size/numbers)
Adapts – helps it to better survive
Responds to its environment – (cause / effect)
SUMMARIZE:
What characteristics are shared by all
living things? (hint, you should have 4)
VOCABULARY TO KNOW (1.1 - THE STUDY OF LIFE)
TERM TO KNOW
DEFINITION TO KNOW
Biodiversity
A variety of life within an area.
Biology
Scientific study of all forms of life.
Biosphere
All organisms and the part of the Earth where they exist.
Cell
Basis unit of life.
DNA
Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms.
Metabolism
All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials
within an organism.
Organism
Any individual living thing.
Species
Group of organisms so similar to one another that they can
breed and produce fertile offspring.
UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY
Levels
of Life – Systems of Related Parts
A
system is an organized group of related
parts, like a car, that work together as a
whole
 One
Heart cell = chemicals and processes
that make heart muscle, valves, arteries,
veins, resulting in the circulatory system.
 Systems
exist on all levels in biology
 Unseen
 Cells
Molecules
viewed only by a microscope
 Entire
biosphere
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
 Ecosystem
is a physical environment with
different species that interact with one
another and with non-living things.
 Two
organisms that interact can be part of a
system, such as with an ecosystem.
 Ecosystems
can be large regions (desert) or small
areas (individual tree)
 Different
 DNA
 Bird
biologist study different systems
= chemical interactions
behavior might be predator/prey interactions
 Most
biologist study across different system levels
CONNECT:
Describe how your biology class could
be considered a system.
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
Structure
and Function are Related
 Organisms
have parts that perform specific
functions, based on their structure
 Teeth
help organisms eat but the shape helps in
different ways.
Molar teeth are flat for grinding, incisors are
pointed for tearing
Incisor
Canine
Molar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=BdxWN_xBa6k
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
 Structure
and function are related on the level
of chemicals in cells
 Specific
Protein Molecules for example:
Membrane Channels – a tube like
structure
– extends through membranes so
things can pass
Enzymes – shaped differently
based on what they attach
to – allow chemical processes
to occur.
www.chem4kids.com-
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
 Structure
and function are related on the level
of the cell
 Brain
cells – process information – have branches
that receive information from other cells
 Red
blood cells – carry oxygen – small, disk-shaped
to fit through small blood vessels.
 Structure
and function are related on the level
of the organism
 Your
feet are flat and help you walk,
easily, on various surfaces
 Beetles
“tarsi”/feet, have sharp
prongs to grip smooth
or vertical surfaces.
entnemdept.ufl.edu-
www.timesofmalta.com-
INFER:
Do you think heart muscle has the same
structure as arm muscle?
EXPLAIN WHY or WHY NOT.
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
Organisms
Maintain Homeostasis
 Homeostasis
– the maintaining of constant
internal conditions; cells perform within a
limited range of conditions.
 Breakdowns
can be life-threatening
 Negative
feedback causes a response that
often returns the system back to its original
state
Body
temperature drops  Muscles shiver 
blood vessels near the surface constrict  body
temperature rises.
Some
animals move from place to place, but
still to help regulate body temperature.
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
Polar
bears maintain homeostasis because
their hair has a hollow shaft which helps it
to retain heat.
This
hollow shaft is transparent and polar
bears appear white due to reflecting
visible light.
The
structure of the polar bear’s hair is
related to it’s function, as the thickness
offers insulation and the hollow core allow
trapped air to be kept warm by body
heat.
Polar
Bears
Hollow
hair shaft
SUMMARIZE:
What is homeostasis, and why is it
important?
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
Evolution
Explains Unity and Diversity
 Evolution
is the change in living things over
time, more specifically in the genetic
makeup.
 Scientific
evidence including fossil records and
genetic comparisons of species shows evolution is
continuing today.
 Occurs
through natural selection of adaptations
Genetic
or inherited traits help an individual species to
survive more successfully than another within its
environment.
Two
populations may develop different traits, and
potentially form different species.
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
 Adaptation
is an inherited trait that gives an
advantage to individual organisms and is
passed on to future generations.
 Examples:


Orchids (flower) produce flowers that
look like insects, this then lures other
insects to the flower and this helps
pollinate the flower (reproducing)
Thorn bugs sit on flower stems,
appearing to look like a thorn,
making them less likely to be eaten
by other predators. This allows the
thorn bug better opportunities to
reproduce.
www.flowerweb.com
smashinglistz.blogspot.com
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY (CONTINUED)
 Evolution
is a unifying theme because it
accounts for the unity and diversity of life.
 Unity
of life
How organisms are similar or related to one
another, have similar structures and / or functions
 Diversity
How organisms are different from each other,
possibly due to evolution, natural selection and
genetic traits changing.
************************************************************
Acclimation is when an individual take time to “adjust”
to a new environmental condition.
Example: climber stay in some areas a little longer until
they can “acclimate” to the oxygen levels.
ANALYZE:
How does evolution lead to both the
diversity and the unity of life?
VOCABULARY TO KNOW (1.2 – UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY)
TERM TO KNOW
DEFINITION TO KNOW
Adaptation
Inherited trait that is selected for, over time, because it allows
organisms to better survive in their environment.
Ecosystem
Collection of organisms and nonliving things, such as climate, soil,
water and rocks, in an area.
Evolution
Changes in a species over time; process of biological change by
which decedents come to differ from their ancestors.
Homeostasis
Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an
organism.
System
Changing, organized group or related parts that interact to form a
whole.
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
BIOLOGY
IS A PROCESS OF INQUIRY
 Observation,
 Careful
 Data
Data, and Hypothesis
and systematic observation (using senses)
can / should be analyzed
Qualitative
data – descriptions of a phenomenon
often for reporting what happened, now HOW.
Quantitative
data – characteristics that can be measured
often used to tell HOW something happens.
 Hypothesis
is a proposed answer to a scientific
question.
This must be testable (experiment) and often more
than once.
Often leads to forming new questions/hypotheses
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
(CONTINUED)
Observing
Scientist make observations and
examine prior research
Evaluating results
Scientists evaluate the data and
conclusions presented by other
scientists
Forming Hypothesis
Scientist ask questions and try to
explain observations
Analyzing Data
Scientist analyze their data to
draw conclusions about their
research
Testing Hypothesis
Scientist collect data that they use
to support or reject a hypotheis
SYNTHESIZE:
Where in the cycle would retesting a
hypothesis fit?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER
SYNTHESIZE:
Why is there no one correct process of
scientific investigation?
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
Using
(CONTINUED)
Experiments to Test A Hypothesis
 Independent
Variables – what is manipulated
or changed during the experiment.
 One
per experiment
 Dependent
Variable – the experimental data
 These
changes “depend upon” the independent
variable.
 The
effect are measured
 Constant
– The part of the experiment that
does not change. It is used to measure and
compare the changes of the dependent
variable.
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
(CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE:
Question
Independent
Dependent
Control
Does heating a
cup of water
allow it to dissolve
more sugar?
Temperature of
the water
Amount of sugar
that dissolves
completely
•Stirring
•Type of sugar
Does fertilizer
make a plant
grow bigger?
Amount of
fertilizer
•Growth of the
plant
Same type of:
•fertilizer
•pot
•plant
•type of soil
•amount of soil
•Same water and
light
•Measurements
at the same time
INFER:
How do experiments show
cause – and – effect relationships?
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
 Theories
(CONTINUED)
Explain Wide Range of Observations.
 Supported
by large amounts of data and many
observations
 Not
easily accepted
 Often
not proved
 Subject
 May
to change based on new evidence
eventually be accepted by the scientific
community.
SUMMARIZE:
What is a scientific theory?
VOCABULARY TO KNOW (1.3 – SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESS)
TERM TO KNOW
DEFINITION TO KNOW
Constant
Condition that is controlled so that it does not change during an
experiment.
Data
Observations and measurements recorded during an experiment.
Dependent Variable
Experimental data collected through observation and measurement.
Experiment
Process that test a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled
conditions.
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question.
Independent Variable
Condition or factor that is manipulated by a scientist during an
experiment.
Observation
Using the senses to study the world; using tools to collect measurements;
examining previous research results.
Theory
Proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and
experimental results.
BIOLOGISTS’ TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY
Imaging
1600
Technologies = New Views
– Invention of the Microscope
 450
years ago – suddenly able to study living
things at a new level.
Microscope
– Enlarges images
 Light
microscopes – light passes
through the specimen
 Electron
Microscope – beams of
electrons, higher magnifications,
used in a vacuum and can’t be
living organisms.
Microsope Image:
micro.magnet.fsu.edu
BIOLOGISTS’ TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY(CONTINUED)
SEM

Scans the surface and are deflected, computer makes 3-D image
TEM

– Scanning Electron Microscope
– Transmission Electron Microscope
Transmits through specimen, makes 2-dimension image
 Medical
Imaging is not limited to microscopes
 X-Ray
Images – x-rays pass through soft tissue,
absorbed by bone and muscle.
 MRI
– Magnetic resonance imaging – uses
magnetic field, cross-section image
 Functional
MRI – shows brain activity images
COMPARE AND CONTRAST:
How do SEMs and TEMs produce
different images of the same
specimen?
BIOLOGISTS’ TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY(CONTINUED)
 Complex
Systems Are Modeled on Computers
 Computer
based technology has greatly
expanded biological research.
 Computers

How medicines impact the body
 Computer

can model systems within in organisms
can assist with more complex systems
Predicting how fast or how far a flu or disease may spread
 Computer
models can be used when actual
experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical.
INFER:
What are some reasons why biologist use
computer models?
BIOLOGISTS’ TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY(CONTINUED)
Molecular
Genetics Rise to New Studies
 Greatest
leap forward, in knowledge of life,
happened in genetics.
 40
years  how genetic code works to changing
genes and implanting genes into different species
 Molecular
Genetics – Studying DNA on a
molecular level; to study evolution, ecology,
biochemistry and other areas
 Genomics
– compares genes within and
across species. Scientist look for gene
patterns, such as with cancers and diseases
What does the term genetic mean to
you?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER
VOCABULARY TO KNOW (1.4 – BIOLOGY TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY)
TERM TO KNOW
DEFINITION TO KNOW
Gene
A specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
Genomics
Study and comparison of genomes within a single species or
among different species.
Microscope
A tool that provides an enlarged image of an object
Molecular Genetics
Study of DNA structure and function on the molecular level
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE
Your
Health & The Environment’s Health
 Your
knowledge of biology can help you
make informed decisions, in your future, both
for personal and societal issues.
 Healthy
choices for you
 Food
choices, allergies, food poisoning, clean
water, diseases, cancers, are all understood with
biology.
 Sunscreen,
exercise, alcohol, drugs, tobacco,
body chemistry issues; some are beneficial , others
dangerous.
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE (CONTINUED)
Biology
and the world around you
 Issues
with one species, in an area, could
have direct impacts on other species,
including the humans, in the area.
 Researching
environmental issues, such as
pollution, biodiversity, habitat and land
preservation are not just scientist decisions,
but belong to everyone; understanding how
wo make decisions, based on evidence, is
important.
CONNECT:
How might biology help you to better
understand environmental issues?
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE (CONTINUED)
Biotechnology
– Great Promise, Many Issues
 The
use and application of living things and
biological processes. Some have been used for
a long time others are newer.

Microorganisms to make cheese and bread

DNA testing (forensic science), finding alternate
energy sources
 Benefits
And Risk

Selective breeding – choosing which organism to
breed

Transgenic organisms have altered or mixed genes
Insulin,
antibodies and proteins, GMOs
PREDICT:
How might genetically modified crops
affect biodiversity?
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE (CONTINUED)
Benefits
and Ethical Considerations
 Human
genetic screening – analyzing a
person’s genes to identify variation.
 Screen
 Ethical
for diseases or genetic disorders
concerns based on how the data is used
and shared
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE (CONTINUED)
 Biology
 50
present many unanswered questions
year ago - Structure of DNA discovered
 TODAY
– Entire human DNA sequence known
 Many
questions unanswered
 Many
questions unasked
 One
interesting question… Can live exist on
planets other than Earth?

Methane worms live in frozen methane gas at the bottom of the
Gulf of Mexico. Because some organisms can live in such
extreme environments, some scientist hypothesize that life exist,
or once existed , on the planet Mars
EVALUATE:
Do you think technology can help
answer all biological questions?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER
VOCABULARY TO KNOW (1.5 – BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE)
TERM TO KNOW
DEFINITION TO KNOW
Biotechnology
Use and application of living things and biological processes
Transgenic
Organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or
more genes from another organism or species.
CHAPTER 1 VOCABULARY TERMS
Section 1.1
Biodiversity
Biology
Biosphere
Cell
DNA
A variety of life within an area.
Scientific study of all forms of life.
All organisms and the part of the Earth where they exist.
Basis unit of life.
Molecule that stores genetic information in all organisms.
Metabolism
All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
Organism
Species
Any individual living thing.
Group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
SECTION 1.2
Adaptation
Inherited trait that is selected for, over time, because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment.
Ecosystem
Collection of organisms and nonliving things, such as climate, soil, water and rocks, in an area.
Evolution
Changes in a species over time; process of biological change by which decedents come to differ from their ancestors.
Homeostasis
Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
System
Changing, organized group or related parts that interact to form a whole.
Section 1.3
Constant
Condition that is controlled so that it does not change during an experiment.
Data
Observations and measurements recorded during an experiment.
Dependent Variable
Experimental data collected through observation and measurement.
Experiment
Process that test a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions.
Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question.
Condition or factor that is manipulated by a scientist during an experiment.
Observation
Using the senses to study the world; using tools to collect measurements; examining previous research results.
Theory
Proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results.
Section 1.4
Gene
A specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
Genomics
Study and comparison of genomes within a single species or among different species.
Microscope
Molecular Genetics
A tool that provides an enlarged image of an object
Study of DNA structure and function on the molecular level
Section 1.5
Biotechnology
Use and application of living things and biological processes
Transgenic
Organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species.