Transcript Final Exam Review Population – Ch 5, 6

Final Exam Review
Population – Ch 5, 6
- Biggest environmental issue…4 corners
- Developed vs Developing countries
- J vs S curves…what do they show us?
Exponential growth vs Carrying Capacity
- Age Pyramids …identify differences p. 136-137
Rapidly expanding, Slowly expanding, Stable, Declining
- Demographic Transition p. 140
Be able to describe each phase
- Energy use – who uses more? Why? Land use?
- What is population density? Where do we see it most?
- Rule of 70 or Doubling Time…be able to solve…NO calculators!!
70/annual growth rate = # years for population to double
- Fertility Rate, Replacement Level - why they are important /impact on
women
- Impacts of too many people…Tragedy of the Commons
Population (con’t)
- K-species vs R-species
- Keystone species and why/how they are important…examples
Sea Otters, Sea Urchins, Kelp p.104
- Dispersion Patterns p. 112
Clumped, Uniform, Random
- Predator/Prey relationships
- Patterns of population/how populations vary in size
Stable, Cyclic, Irruptive, Irregular
- Survivorship curves
Constant loss, Early loss, Late loss
Energy – Ch 14, 15, 16
- Renewable vs Nonrenewable
Advantages and disadvantages
- Alternative Energy Sources
Advantages and disadvantages
- Where is the largest hydroelectric dam in world?
Three Gorges Dam,Yangtze River, China
- Sources of energy and their effects
Ex:
Coal -> Sulfuric Acid in atmosphere -> acid rain
Coal -> Mercury in atmosphere
Ur -> radioactive, naturally occurring subsurface
- Refining of Oil
- Mineral Resources – How do we get them??? Effects??
Ex: how do we harvest coal? Environmental impacts of?
- Storage of hazardous, toxic waste
- Impact of using/burning fossil fuels….how has this changed over time?
Energy (con’t)
- Half life
-What is it?
-What does stable mean?
- Types of radioisotopes
- Calculation
Ex: After 200 million years only 1/16 of the original amount of a
radioactive material will remain. The half-life of the material is how
many years?
1/16 x 2 = 1/8 x 2 = 1/4 x 2 = 1/2 x 2 = 1
Half-life #1
Half-life #2
Half-life #3
Half-life #4
(200 my)
200 million years/4 half-lives = 50 million yrs
Ecosystems – Ch 4, 5, 9, 10, 11
- What is biodiversity? Where is it greatest/least?? Why? What does it tell us?
- Shannon Index….what is it? What does it tell us?
Species Richness, Abundance, Dominance…what causes changes in these?
- Keystone species vs Invasive vs Indicator
- Why do we “introduce” non-native species to an area? Benefits??
- Natural Selection
Types: (Birds and Beaks Lab)
Directional – pays to be different; Peppered Moths, genetic resistance
to pesticides =>environmental change
Stabilizing – pays to be average; large groups
Diversifying – does not pay to be normal; Finches
Adaptations
Generalist vs Specialist
Ecosystems (con’t)
- Biomes…major characteristics/distinguishing
qualities….Remember your chart???
- Climatograms…what do they tell us?
- Biogeochemical Cycles
Water, Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulfur
How are humans altering the cycles?
Water – Ch 13, 20
- Water Diversions…Remember you research!!! Why are we diverting
water? Consequences?
- Watersheds…what are they? Why are they important?
- Chemical Tests…Examples…what do they tell us/consequences?
DO, Nitrates, Phosphates, Turbidity, pH, Temperature, BOD
- Eutrophication…what is it? What causes it?
- Point Source vs Non-Point Source…Examples
- Wastewater Treatment…what do we treat for/not for?
Process of treatment/steps of treatment
Soil – Ch 12
- What is the makeup of soil?
- Why is it important?
- Soil Profile
- Soil Horizons….O, A, B, C, D
How does soil change as you go deeper?
- Soil Texture…Sand, Silt, Clay
- Soil Porosity, Permeability, Retention
Percolation, Water Holding Capacity
- What is leaching? Why is it important?
- Soil Triangle…know how to use it….what does it tell us?
- Soil Conservation Methods
Ex: Wind breaks, contour farming, crop rotations, etc
- Erosion
- How do we fertilize soils?
- Chemical testing? N-P-K…what do these represent?
Food and Pesticides – Ch 12
- Relation to soil/why is it important?
- Bio-magnification…what is it? Ex: DDT
Food pyramid
Trophic levels
Types of consumers
- Types of food resources…grains vs meats
- Types of pesticides
- Effects of pesticides
- What is toxicity? LD-50? Why do we use Bioassays?
- Connections between soil, food, and agriculture
Ex: deforestation to graze cattle for meat consumption
- Mono culture vs polyculture…benefits
- GMO….why use them? Impacts/effects?
Air Quality- Ch 18, 19
- Earth’s atmosphere…what is it made of?
- Troposphere vs Stratosphere
- Primary Pollutants vs Secondary Pollutants
- Human caused (anthropogenic) vs nature caused
- Outdoor vs indoor air pollution
- What is smog? How is it formed? Where do we find it? Effects?
- Health effects to humans
Ex: respiratory, skin, eyes
- Global Climate Change…what is the major cause?
Effects of increased temperature?
- What is PM? Is it pollution? How are we trying to remove large
particulates from the air?
- Impact of vehicles? What is in the exhaust?
- What are greenhouse gases? What is the greenhouse effect?
- Ozone…good vs bad
- CFC’s…what are they, where do they come from, problems?
What are we doing to decrease levels?
Acts, Laws, Legislation
- EPA
- ESA
- RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) = production,
transport, treatment, storage, disposal of hazardous waste
- CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act) = cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites
- Clean Water Act
- Clean Air Act
- Figure 24-4 p. 643 – Major Environmental Laws
Other
- MSW…what are we throwing “away”?
- Recycling
- NIMBY
- Sustainability – Species vs Ecosystem