Transcript Bab 8. DIVERSITAS DAN STABILITAS AGROEKOSISTEM

Mk. Manajemen Agroekosistem
PENGELOLAAN
BIODIVERSITAS
AGROEKOSISTEM
Disajikan : soemarno jurs tanah fpub des 2013
Kawasan lereng G. Mahawu
Ekosistem Hutan
Agroekosistem Talun
Agroekosistem
sawah
Agroekosistem
Tegalan
BIODIVERSITAS
Diunduh dari:
http://agbiodiversity.com/AgBiodviersityProject/Howbiodiversitysupportsfarmprofits/tabid/133/Default.aspx.......
8/12/2012
Biodiversity, Agriculture & Ecosystems
•
What is Biodiversity
•
Agrobiodiversity
•
Biodiversity and Agriculture in the landscape
•
extensification and intensification
•
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
•
Agriculture and Ecosystem Services
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
DEFINITIONS OF BIODIVERSITY
‘The variability among living organisms and
the ecological complexes of which they are
part, including the diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.’
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Reed Noss,
"Indicators for
Monitoring
Biodiversity: A
Hierarchial
Approach",
Conservation
Biology 4(4):355364. 1990.
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Agrobiodiversity and Sugarcane
Cultivated /
planned
biodiversity
sugarcane
Associated
biodiversity
soil microorganisms
(mineral cycling,
pest control,
pollination, soil
formation and
structure?)
Additional /
other
biodiversity
snakes, birds,
insects,
rodents,…..
Wild
biodiversity
outside
agricultural
ecosystems
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Aneka spesies tumbuhan bawah dan
penutup tanah dijumpai di kebun
kakao.
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .
...... 8/12/2012
Sumber:
http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/07/54/74/2019114/3/
628x471.jpg
Agrobiodiversity and Cacao
Cultivated / planned biodiversity
Cacao, fruits?, timber?, medicines?,
other NTFPs
Associated biodiversity
Pollinating insects?
soil micro-organisms
Shade trees
(mineral cycling, pest control, soil formation
and structure?)
Additional / other biodiversity
Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, insects,
mammals,…..
Wild biodiversity outside
agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Agrobiodiversity and staple crops in PNG (potato, taro, yams)
Cultivated / planned biodiversity
Potato, taro, yams
Associated biodiversity
soil micro-organisms
(plants, insects & decomposers in
fallow vegetation?)
(mineral cycling, pest control, soil
formation and structure?)
Additional / other biodiversity
Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, insects,
mammals,…..
Wild biodiversity outside
agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
MangroveID - Delta Mahakam, Pertambakan
udang di kawasan Delta Mahakam umumnya
dibangun secara ekstensif tradisional
dengan luas lahan petakan tambak diatas 5
ha. Hal ini tidak saja dapat merusak hutan
mangrove dalam areal yang sangat luas,
akan tetapi juga dalam kondisi terbuka
seperti itu akan berdampak terhadap
perubahan kondisi lingkungan misalnya
perubahan kualitas air tambak.
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .......
8/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
http://mangroverindonesia.blogspot.com/2011/08
/tambak-silvofishery-di-handil-8-kawasan.html
....... 12/12/2012
Lahan jagung
Lahan tomat
Lahan tebu
Diunduh dari:
biodiversitas agroekosistem lahan sawah di di musim kemarau, smno juli 2011
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
Focus on Ecosystem Services
The benefits people obtain from ecosystems
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Wellbeing
Diunduh dari:
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
MA Conceptual Framework
Human Well-being and
Poverty Reduction
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Basic material for a good life
Health
Human
Good Social Relations
Security
Freedom of choice and
action
Well-being
Indirect Drivers of Change
 Demographic
 Economic (globalization, trade,
market and policy framework)
 Sociopolitical (governance and
Indirect
institutional framework)
Drivers
 Science
and Technology
 Cultural and Religious
Direct Drivers of Change
Ecosystem
Services
Diunduh dari:
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Changes in land use
Species
introduction or removal
Direct
Technology
Drivers adaptation and use
External inputs (e.g., irrigation)
Resource consumption
Climate change
Natural physical and biological
drivers (e.g., volcanoes)
www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012
Sustainable Use of
Agricultural Biodiversity:
An essential aspect of natural
resources management in
agricultural ecosystems
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
What is agricultural biodiversity?
It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to
food and agriculture:
the variety and variability of
plants, animals and micro-organisms
at genetic, species and ecosystem level
which are necessary to sustain
key functions in the agro-ecosystem,
its structures and processes.
Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an
essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of
agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural
ecosystems
In agricultural systems biodiversity is important
1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods)
2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life
support function)
3. to allow adaptation to changing situations
4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable
agriculture – food security, income, employment,...)
Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention
over generations and it requires human management to
sustain it.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Agricultural Biodiversity is complex
Human Management practices and decisions
GENETIC and SPECIES
DIVERSITY
wild and domesticated
Crop based
systems:
food/fibre
crops, pasture,
trees (planned +
harvested spp.)
Mixed systems
and associated
biodiversity:
soil organisms,
pollinators,
predators
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY
varied production systems
habitats and landscapes
Diunduh dari:
CULTURAL
DIVERSITY
Livestock based
systems: pasture,
rangelands, cattle,
small ruminants,
poultry...
Case studies and
experiences to be
shared among countries
and farming systems
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to address all components of
agrobiodiversity
• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges,
borders, trees in the landscape; farm type)
• Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial)
• Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic
resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting,
aspect, taste, storage, etc.
• Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful
predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)
• as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations;
common property resources/ownership)
• and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem
functions/processes and the services provided
(see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land
use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
MANAGING AGRO-ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY
COMPONENTS
Predators
and Parasites
Pollinators
Herbivores
Non-crop
Vegetation
Earthworms
Soil
Mesofauna
Soil
Microfauna
AGROECOSYSTEM
BIODIVERSITY
FUNCTIONS
Pollination
Genetic
introgression
Population
regulation
Biological
control
Biomass
consumption
Nutrient
cycling
ENHANCEMENTS
Intercropping
Rotations
Agroforestry
Competition
Allelopathy
Sources of natural
enemies Crop wild
relatives
No-Tillage
Soil structure
Nutrient
cycling
Decomposition
Predation
Nutrient cycling
Nutrient
cycling
Disease
suppression
Green manures Windbreaks
Cover crops Composting OM inputs
From Altieri, M.A.
Biodiversity
and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth
Press, New York, 1994)
Diunduh
dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt
- ....... 8/12/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples)
Food production The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or
for processing for food (Game, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering,
subsistence or commercial farming)
Raw materials The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material
(Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..)
Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products. (Plant
varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science,
genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets,
Climate and Gas Regulation: of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically
mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (GHG); of atmospheric chemical
composition (CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, CO3 for UVB protection)
Resilience/Disturbance Regulation: ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation,
mainly controlled by vegetation structure (storm protection, flood control,
drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).
Water Regulation and Supply: of hydrological flow/regimes; water retention,
storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention
determined by vegetation cover/structure; water supply in aquifers, surface
water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)
Erosion control and Sediment retention: prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact,
runoff; storage
of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2
Soil formation Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up (Accumulation of
organic material
Nutrient cycling: storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (N fixation, nutrient
cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus)
Waste Detoxification recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or
toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control (detoxification by soil organisms).
Pollination Movement of floral gametes. (Supply of pollinators for the reproduction
of plant populations- insects, bats, birds)
Biological control Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations (pestpredator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions)
Refugia habitat for local/ transient populations (Nurseries, habitat for migratory
species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds
Recreation Providing opportunities (eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities –
hunting, fishing, birdwatching)
Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses (Aesthetic, artistic,
educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems).
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to
agricultural biodiversity
Increasing pressure on species and their environments:
•
Population growth and poverty (increasing demand)
•
Overexploitation, mismanagement
•
Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas
•
Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces
•
Pollution
•
Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisation
Threats and risks
•
loss of plant and animal species
•
loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits)
•
also loss of essential natural processes
–
–
•
pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.
regeneration of soils by micro-organisms
also reduced resilience.
Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to
harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a
wide array of life forms with unique traits
(e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable
Use of agrobiodiversity
• Integrated agro-ecological approaches : IPM, soil biological management
• Community-based adaptive management – animal and plant genetic
resources, diverse farming systems
• Local knowledge systems
– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of
agrobiodiversity
– community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated
biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)
• Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and
services and human management (cf. EA principles)
• Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized
and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options)
– grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground
biomass)
– mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.)
– marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.
– recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by
biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to use common Agricultural Definitions
Sustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable,
economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic
scientific approach and productive over the long term.
Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and
interactions at this individual farm level
Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar
resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints
Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials,
etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)
Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability:
• soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site impacts,
... );
• water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc);
• vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)
• biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and
wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intraspecies, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,
•
•
air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions)
rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism).
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Need to build on ongoing global agrobiodiversity fora/intergovernmental processes
•
CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on
Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming)
– International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil
Biodiversity
– International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Pollinators
•
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
FAO IT-PGRFA
•
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO
•
FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA
•
FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG
These have resulted in:
• Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good
Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....
• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem approach,
farmer rights,
• Panel of Experts… etc.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic
resources for Food and Agriculture (IT)
• This legally binding instrument is crucial for
sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for
national, regional and international efforts to
conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits
equitably, in harmony with the Convention on
Biological Diversity.
• IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO
Conference (Resolution 3/2001)
• It entered into force on 29 June 2004.
http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Global Plan of Action for the Conservation
and Sustainable Use of PGRFA
Priority Activity Areas
In Situ Conservation and Development
Activity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA
2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA
3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems
4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food
production
(Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Activity
Activity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection
10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening
11 Promoting sustainable agriculture
12Promiting under-utilized crops and species
13 Supporting seed production and distribution
14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich products
also
Ex situ conservation.....
Capacity building and Institutions.....
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Global Strategy for the Management of Farm
Animal Genetic Resources
• FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the
sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity
• supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal
Genetic Resources
• An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process
(as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999).
• First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by
International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS.
• CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic
Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical
Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government
of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken
• Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic
Regional Consultations.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Domestic Animal Genetic Resources at Risk
 Exotic genetic resources not sustainable
 Indiscriminate crossbreeding
 Genetic resources for future needs
Desirable commitments by governments
Include stakeholders in decision-making
Identification of sources of funding
Support breeder associations
Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt
- ....... 8/12/2012
Strengthen
extension services
FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture (CGRFA)
• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related
to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and
agriculture.
• It develops and monitors
– the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources
and
– the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.
• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant
genetic resources  animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an
ecosystem approach
• Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming
agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10 November 2004) and
resulting in the publication on Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach
(See website)
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Options for technical support to countries in
enhancing sustainable use of AGBIO
• Enhance biodiversity through
–
–
–
–
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable pastoralism
Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function)
livelihoods’ diversification
• Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable
utilization of crop genetic resources
• Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the
multiple roles of agriculture (See www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and
externalities
• Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Case studies of Sustainable agriculture enhancing agricultural biodiversity
• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry,
crop-livestock systems)
• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and
animal)
– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization
– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding
• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies
• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs
• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and
marketing methods;
• Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,
registration)
• Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity
conseravtion and coping with climate change
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
From Microorganisms
e.g. bacteria + fungi
...Roots in the soil and
their interactions with
species above & below
ground
Diunduh dari:
Soil Biodiversity
Micro & meso-fauna
protozoa,
nematodes to
acari & springtails
Macro-fauna e.g. ants,
termites, earthworms
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Managing Pollinators
Management practice:
Kelompok Tani "Laduni Mutiara Lestari" menyediakan
madu asli, dengan harga yang kompetitif dan kualitas
madu terbaik
In Himachal Pradesh in
Northwest Indian
Himalayas farmers are
using colonies of
honeybees – Apis
cerana and Apis
mellifera for pollination
of apple crop.
An organized system of hiring
and renting bee colonies for
pollination exists.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt ....... 8/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
http://spkpdesacikanyere.blogspot.com/2011/01/lebah-madu.html
....... 8/12/2012
Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity
Crop
Increase in
fruit set (%)
Increase in
fruit weight
(%)
Increase in fruit size
(length/ diameter) (%)
Reference
Apple
10
33
15/10
Dulta and Verma,
1987
Peach
22
44
29/23
Partap et al, 2000
Plum
13
39
11/14
Partap et al, 2000
Citrus
24
35
9/35
Partap, 2000a
Strawberry
112
48
Misshapen fruit
decreased by 50%
Partap 2000b
Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversitymaking best use of resources
Gramminae Conservation through
Sustainable management and Use
Thatching,
Busia
District
Grass-strips between cropsMachakos District Kenya
Diunduh dari:
Practices are part of the wider agricultural
system. This takes two main forms:
• on-farm
-strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of
grass and bush, fallow land, fenced
graminae-rich plots…
• off-farm
- management of community grazing
lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops
and hillsides, sacred sites…
- controlled burning
• traditional uses and skills
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable
intensification
Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and
timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining
diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity
Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity
– semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,
harvesting, gathering and planting
– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems
– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)
Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots,
environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)
Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are
more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ
conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds
Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land
use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements,
cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.
Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Sustainability - adaptation to change and
enhancing systems’ resilience
• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in
responding to new challenges, by adapting their
production system
• Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the
actors and the system in which they function
• Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo.
Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving
targets/changing situations
• Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to
increase probability of meeting future needs
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
FAO: Roles of Agriculture Project
Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not
valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what
society desires.
Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the
economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in
relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases
Policy challenge
to Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not
adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)
to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;
mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)
to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,
and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one
resource/sector affects the others
to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and
promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.
Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Roles of Agriculture
SOCIAL VIABILITY
Equity; Stability
ENVIRONMENTAL
EXTERNALITIES
Global:
 Ecosystem resilience
Climate change mitigation (C,
land cover)
Biodiversity
Regional/National:
 Ecosystem resilience
 Watershed mgmt (prevent
soil erosion & off-site impacts)
 Water (stable regime; flood
prevention)
 Biodiversity
 plant + animal genetic
resources; services
 wild spp.+ wildlife
conservation
Air quality (reduce GHG)
Local:
 Ecosystem resilience
 Biodiversity
 farmed spp., associated spp.,
ecosystem functions
 NRM- soil+ water
conservation
 Pollution control
Global:
Social stability
Poverty Alleviation
FOOD SECURITY
CULTURAL ROLE
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Gender; Heritage; IK
Global:
Economic Growth
Poverty alleviation
World Food Security
Global:
Cultural Diversity
Indigenous Knowledge
Regional/National:
 Rural-urban migration
(social implications)
 Welfare systems
substitute
 Social capital formation
Biodiversity: diverse
livelihoods
Regional/National:
 Access to food
 National security
 Food safety
 support in times of crises
(remittances, migration, fiscal
support, food aid)
Regional/ National:
 Cultural heritage
 Cultural identity
 Perception of roles of
agriculture
Local:
Social stability of rural
community
 Rural employment
 Family values, gender
impact.
Bodiversity-coping
strategies; risk mgmt
Local:
Local / household food security
 Biodiversity: nutrition; pest +
disease control, options
 Sustainability
Employment
 Income  services
Diunduh dari:
Local:
 Landscape, recreation,
tourism
 Indigenous knowledge
(disaster prevention,
biodiversity, medicinal
applications)
Traditional technology.
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through
local agrobiodiversity
Market opportunities
• Premium price for local products
• Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop
rotations; water harvesting
• Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)
• Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)
• Handicrafts and Ecotourism
Nutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities
• Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity but micronutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)
• Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key
roles in global food security
• Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Understanding impacts/implications of
HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity
HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?
Less labour
Reduction in land
cultivated
Reduction in crop
range and variety
Loss of genetic diversity
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Loss of knowledge
Less labour intensive crops
Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES)
and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)
implications
Natural capital &
properties that
‘come with the
territory’
Biodiversity &
landscape beauty
Dynamic
landscapes
Absence Mitigation,
of threats increase in
filtering
Control over territory
Opportunity costs
Diunduh dari:
Terrestrial carbon
Direct storage
benefits
Environmental
Service
providers
Efforts
Water quantity,
evenness of flow
& quality
functions
Environmental
Service
beneficiaries
Recognition & rewards
transaction costs
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable
agriculture and food security
Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building
•
Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community
development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).
•
Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)
•
Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat
dimensions)
•
Supporting on farm management
•
Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development
•
Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems
•
Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)
•
Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender
•
Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers
(local media, schools, etc)
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012
Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy,
mutual benefits
BiodiversityAgriculture
Productivity
Adaptation
Maintenance of ecosystem functions
Agriculture Biodiversity
Delivery of ecosystem services
Incentives
Ecological knowledge
Diunduh dari:
www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012