Transcript Jan 22nd AP ES Warm Up

nd
Jan 22 AP ES Warm Up
1. Factors involved in soil formation _____________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, grazing by herbivores
Erosion, level terrain, absences of rooted vegetation
Weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, growth of tree roots
Tropical climate, acid precipitation, frequent wildfires
Seasonal changes in the tides
2. The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ___
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Mineralization
Affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing
Unaffected by winds
A major cause of topsoil erosion
Primarily caused by topsoil erosion
nd
Jan 22 AP ES Warm Up Answers
1. Factors involved in soil formation _____________.
c. Weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, growth of
tree roots
2. The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ___
b. Affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing
nd
Jan 22 AP ES Agenda
1.
You are going to do a lab on electrolysis, the separation of
oxygen and hydrogen from water.
At your lab table, there will be:
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
two pencils
a beaker with water
two wire cables
A battery
A magnifying glass
Sharpen the pencils at both ends.
Tear some cardboard apart that will fit over the beaker holding
the pencils above the bottom of the beaker.
Attach the wires to the pencils and the battery
Use the magnifying glass to observe what is happening and
record your findings.
Which side of the battery is removing the hydrogen?
Which side of the battery is removing the oxygen?
rd
Jan 23 AP ES Warm Up
1. During most of our species’ 100,000-year existence, and until
about 10,000 years ago, we depended on _______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Crops
Hunting
Cattle
Crops and cattle
Hunting and gathering
2. Industrialization
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Had no impact on agriculture
Is necessary today for all cultures
Increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area
Improved soils permanently, providing more food from less space
Rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new
cropland
rd
Jan 23 AP ES Warm Up Answers
1. During most of our species’ 100,000-year existence, and
until about 10,000 years ago, we depended on _______.
e. Hunting and gathering
2. Industrialization
c. Increased the ability to obtain more food from the same area
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Jan 23 AP ES
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Jan 23 AP ES
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Jan 23 AP ES
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Jan 23 AP ES
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Jan 23 AP ES Agenda
• You will design an experiment that models the weathering process.
The question you are asking:
• “What is the affect of acidic deposition on chemical weathering?”
• What are the parts to the scientific method? You will need to model
these to design your experiment. You will also be creating a graph.
What are your x and y axis? Create your graph, design your
experiment and get my approval before you begin.
• Materials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 antacid tablets
1 beaker with water and 1 with vinegar
What is the control?
What is the experimental group?
th
Jan 24 AP ES Warm Up
1. Leaching ________________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Can help plant growth only if done properly
Is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the
water table
Adds nutrients to soil naturally
Removes nutrients form soil
Is a common agriculture practice to improve soil
2. The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas due to
erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of
other factors is called _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Climatization
Global change
Desertification
Salinization
Stratification
th
Jan 24 AP ES Warm Up Answers
1. Leaching ________________.
d. Removes nutrients form soil
2. The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas
due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an
array of other factors is called _____.
c. Desertification
th
Jan 24 AP ES Agenda
• You will design an experiment that models the weathering process.
The question you are asking:
• “What is the affect of temperature on chemical weathering?”
• What are the parts to the scientific method? You will need to model
these to design your experiment.
• Materials:
1. 2 antacid tablets
2. 2 beakers
3. 1 hotplate
th
Jan 25 AP ES Warm Up
1. Oxidation of minerals, warm and wet conditions, reactions of
water with parent material; all are components of
_______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Chemical weathering of soils
Erosion
Leaching
Physical/mechanical weathering of soils
Humus formation
2. The U.S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the
_____
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Soil Aggregation Service
Agricultural Standards Agency
Conservation Integration Service
Natural Resources Conservation Service
There is no U.S. agency charged with soil degradation, only
private firms funded by farmers.
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Jan 25 AP ES Warm Up Answers
1. Oxidation of minerals, warm and wet conditions, reactions of
water with parent material; all are components of
_______________.
a.
Chemical weathering of soils
2. The U.S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the
_____
d. Natural Resources Conservation Service
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Jan 25 AP ES Agenda
PPT on Chapter 9
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Jan 28 AP ES Warm Up
1. Monoculture _______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Farming is a food-growing practice that uses no synthetic fertilizers
or pesticides
Farming is illegal in most countries
Describes diets low in protein, such as vegetarianism
Describes food that has not been genetically modified
Describes the farming practices of growing large stands of single
species
2. Recombinant DNA
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Describes pollination of one plant by another of the same species
Describes pollination of one plant by another of a different species
Describes the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create
new hybrids
Is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides
Was part of the green revolution of the 1960s
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Jan 28 AP ES Warm Up
1. Monoculture _______.
e. Describes the farming practices of growing large stands of single
species
2. Recombinant DNA
c. Describes the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to
create new hybrids
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Jan 28 AP ES Agenda
Finish PPT on Chapter 9
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Jan 29 AP ES Warm Up
1. What is true about GMO crops?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM
crops.
Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
They are unanimously opposed by environmentalists.
They are unanimously favored by environmentalists.
2. Which of the following requires the least land to produce 1kg of
protein?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Eggs
Milk
Chicken
Pork
beef
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Jan 29 AP ES Warm Up
1. What is true about GMO crops?
b. The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM
crops.
2. Which of the following requires the least land to produce
1kg of protein?
c. Chicken
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Jan 29 AP ES Agenda
Video clips from Food Inc. followed with questions and discussion.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAP6ZtfP9ZQ
http://news.yahoo.com/video/whoknew-hybrid-foods-geneticallymodified-021016839.html
http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/today-on-planet100-genetically-modified-eggplant-controversy-video.html
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/genetic-engineeringvideos-playlist.htm#video-30687
th
Jan 30 AP ES Warm Up
1. It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more_____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plant-based foods
Herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken
Carnivorous animals like fish and alligator
GM foods
2. Green revolution techniques ___________.
a. Focus on organic farming
b. Have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the
human diet
c. Have increased crop yields but many not be sustainable
d. Focus on preserving biodiversity
e. Focus on sustainability
th
Jan 30 AP ES Warm Up
1. It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more_____.
a. Plant-based foods
2. Green revolution techniques ___________.
c. Have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable
th
Jan 30 AP ES Agenda
Video Clips from Food, Inc. followed by questions and group discussion.
st
Jan 31 AP ES Warm Up
1. ___% of the food we consume comes from ___ crop species.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
90; 15
90; 100
50; 20
50; 50
10; 100
2. Since 1960, pesticide use has risen ________ worldwide.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Twofold
Threefold
Fourfold
Fivefold
Sixfold
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Jan 31 AP ES Warm Up
1. ___% of the food we consume comes from ___ crop species.
a. 90; 15
2. Since 1960, pesticide use has risen ________ worldwide.
c. Fourfold
st
Jan 31
AP ES Agenda
Food, Inc. continued…
st
Feb 1 AP ES Warm Up
1. Which of the following best describes integrated pest
management (IPM)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification
Major reliance on synthetic pesticides
Subsidies of pesticide use
Continuous monoculture cropping and harvesting
Transgenic crops
2. Aquaculture _____________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing
regions
Has no real environmental disadvantages
Frequently results in unintended catch of non-target species
Uses more fossil fuels than traditional commercial fishing
Produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean water harvesting
st
Feb 1 AP ES Warm Up
1. Which of the following best describes integrated pest
management (IPM)?
a. Biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification
2. Aquaculture _____________.
a. Can bring economic benefits and food security to many
developing regions
st
Feb 1
AP ES Agenda
Test on Chapters 9 and 10
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Feb 4 AP ES Warm Up
1. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the
environmental problems associated with ___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Aquifer depletion
Pesticide toxicity
Loss of biodiversity
Overpopulation
Deforestation
2. ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Allergens
Teratogens
Carcinogens
Neurotoxins
Vectors
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Feb 4 AP ES Warm Up
1. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the
environmental problems associated with ___________.
b. Pesticide toxicity
2. ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer.
c. Carcinogens
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Feb 4
AP ES Agenda
Case Study: Pesticides
Read Page One
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xggwso_dioxin-and-pcbsexplained-how-are-persistent-pesticides-hazardous-to-humans_lifestyle
Read Page Two
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkS0G5AsTT0
Answer these questions in your journals:
1. Considering economic, social and political issues, how would a
pesticide ban affect the county?
2. What are some of the ethical dilemmas that Sam faces as he makes
his decision?
3. What should Sam do? Why?
4. As a society, can we do without pesticides?
th
Feb 5 AP ES Warm Up
1. _____ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Allergens
Teratogens
Carcinogens
Neurotoxins
Vectors
2. Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ______.
a. They are the least common toxicants
b. There is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and the
disease
c. They are rare in nature
d. There is no way to measure the carcinogenic potential of a
substance
e. Most are invisible
th
Feb 5 AP ES Warm Up
1. _____ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects.
b. Teratogens
2. Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ______.
There is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and
disease.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/twgx5hjaMS8-teratogens.aspx
LOVE CANAL CASE STUDY
• Place the papers in chronological order to the best of your ability.
• There will inconsistencies and gaps in the material. Write down in your
journals in questions you may have.
• Determine the stakeholders: write down at least 7 in your journals
• Stakeholder-person, group, organization, member or system who affects or
can be affected by an organization’s actions.
• Write 2-3 sentences for each stakeholder.
AP Agenda Feb 5th
Write the following in your lab books under the heading
Conducting Solutions
• Conductor: a material that is capable of transferring an electrical charge
• Conduction solution: a solution that is capable of transferring an electrical
charge
• Ion: a charged particle
• Electrolyte: a chemical compound that ionizes when dissolved to produce
an electrically conductive medium
• Nonelectrolyte: a substance that does not dissociate into ions when
dissolves, a non-conductor of electricity.
AP Agenda Feb 5th
th
Feb 6 AP ES Warm Up
1. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system
include
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Neurotoxins
Allergens
Teratogens
Hormones
antibiotics
2. PCB contamination __________.
a. Is the main focus of the book Silent Spring
b. Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers
used contaminated cooking oil
c. Has never been documented outside the U.S.
d. Was the main environmental problem in Lake Apopka
e. Results from over-application of pesticides
th
Feb 6 AP ES Warm Up
1. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system
include
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Neurotoxins
Allergens
Teratogens
Hormones
antibiotics
2. PCB contamination __________.
a. Is the main focus of the book Silent Spring
b. Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers
used contaminated cooking oil
c. Has never been documented outside the U.S.
d. Was the main environmental problem in Lake Apopka
e. Results from over-application of pesticides
th
Feb 6 AP ES Warm Up
1. Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system
include
b. Allergens
2. PCB contamination __________.
b. Caused penis abnormalities in Taiwanese boys whose mothers used
contaminated cooking oil
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA) Hazardous Substances
• CERCLA hazardous substances are substances that are
considered severely harmful to human health and the
environment. CERCLA is commonly known as the Superfund
Law.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW6i0MMIUj4
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjfDE6dgCO4
• http://www.wgbh.org/articles/25-Years-Later-A-PoisonedTown-Cant-Come-Clean-3057
• http://www.wgbh.org/programs/episode.cfm?featureid=29097
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hrpz3C1mOEo
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoTLiSxa6c4
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKPgvDuTIgg
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFQWG9FvidU
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1xOnHtWYRs
• http://www.celebritynetworth.com/watch/XPS5QeujkYI/codesilence/
AP Agenda Feb 6th
th
Feb 7 AP ES Warm Up
1. A worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been
attributed to __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
DDT
Endocrine disruptors
Teratogens
Radon
Allergens
2. Bisphenol-A is _______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
An estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing
Produced when fossil fuels are burned
Released from aerosol spray cans
A currently used herbicide
A banned insecticide
th
Feb 7 AP ES Warm Up
1. A worldwide drop in sperm counts among men has been
attributed to __________.
b. Endocrine disruptors
2. Bisphenol-A is _______.
a. An estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing
•
•
•
•
Love Canal Case Study Continued…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iSFgZ-SlaU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzwacZZe5yk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbIfFBk9Pdo
AP Agenda Feb 7th
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Feb 8 AP ES Warm Up
1. Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in
agricultural environments, is called pesticide __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Leaching
Drift
Run-off
Transportation
globalization
2. Pesticides in the United States are registered through the _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
FDA
EPA
USDA
BLM
PRA
th
Feb 8 AP ES Warm Up
1. Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in
agricultural environments, is called pesticide __________.
b. Drift
2. Pesticides in the United States are registered through the _____.
b. EPA
ES Agenda
Feb 8th, 2013
1. Create a comic strip with a minimum of 8 frames.
2. Each person in your group will create a frame.
3. You will answer all questions for your stakeholder in this
comic strip.
4. It does not have to be funny or beautiful.
5. You will present in front of the class.
6. Does the comic strip address each question?
7. Did each student participate?
8. Can the reader decipher what is happening in the comic strip?
9. Is it visually appealing?
10. Can you speak intelligently about the events surrounding Love
Canal?
th
Feb 11 AP ES Warm Up
1. Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are
closely associated with all of the following except______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gonadal abnormalities
Lung cancer
Low birth rates
Male feminization
Thyroid hormone abnormalities
2. The effects of toxicants on fetuses and young children_______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Is greater because of their rapid growth and smaller biomass
Is less than for adults because their metabolism is higher
Has not raised concern among environmental health professionals
Has been thoroughly evaluated for every chemical released into
both indoor and outdoor environments
e. Is generally the same for adults
th
Feb 11 AP ES Warm Up
1. Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are
closely associated with all of the following except______.
b. Lung cancer
2. The effects of toxicants on fetuses and young children_______.
a. Is greater because of their rapid growth and smaller biomass
th
Feb 11 AP ES Agenda
Present Comic Strips
Are all of the questions answered?
Did each group member participate?
Are there 8 slides?
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.envracis
m/environmental-justice-opposing-a-toxic-waste-landfill/
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.superfu
nd/teen-fights-for-toxic-waste-cleanup/
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.eco.enhdisc
rim/environmental-justice-opposing-a-toxic-waste-incinerator/
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 12th, 2013
1. Synergistic effects of toxicants _____________.
a. Have effects that tend to cancel one another out
b. Typically have simple additive effects
c. Are not numerous in the natural environment
d. Often have effects that are multiplicative
e. Always involve synthetic toxicants
2. Infectious disease accounts for ________% of death globally.
a. Less than 1
b. 26
c. 30
d. 40
e. Almost 50
Feb 12th, 2013
AP ES Warm Up Answers
1. Synergistic effects of toxicants _____________.
d. Often have effects that are multiplicative
2. Infectious disease accounts for ________% of death globally.
b. 26
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Feb 12 AP ES Agenda
Present the remaining comic strips and finish ppt. on Chpt. 14
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 13th, 2013
1. The U.S. Geological Survey found that 80% of U.S. Streams contain at
least trace amounts of over ____ waste water contaminants.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 50
d. 80
e. 1,000s
2. ___________is the most indicative way to assess risk of toxicants for
human populations.
a. Examining case studies
b. Studying epidemiology
c. Animal testing
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 13th, 2013
1. The U.S. Geological Survey found that 80% of U.S. Streams contain at
least trace amounts of over ____ waste water contaminants.
d. 80
2. ___________is the most indicative way to assess risk of toxicants for
human populations.
c. Animal testing
http://urchinmovement.com/2011/08/11/the-rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-animal-testing-goes-mai
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Feb 13 AP ES Agenda
Finish chpt. 14 ppt. watch video clip on environmental racism.
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 14th, 2013
1. Chemicals used in cosmetics in the U.S. are ________.
a. Not reviewed before being sold
b. Marketed using the precautionary principle
c. Reviewed and approved by the FDA before they are sold
d. Reviewed and approved by the EPA before they are sold
e. Reviewed and approved by the USDA before they are sold
2. Research documenting endocrine disruptor effects is controversial
because
a. It is relatively new
b. It poses economic threats to chemical manufactures
c. Studies reporting harm received government funding and studies the
reported no harm were industry backed
d. All of the above
Feb 14th, 2013
AP ES Warm Up Answers
1.
Chemicals used in cosmetics in the U.S. are ________.
a. Not reviewed before being sold The FD&C Act does not specifically
require the use of animals in testing cosmetics for safety, nor does the
Act subject cosmetics to FDA premarket approval. However, the
agency has consistently advised cosmetic manufacturers to employ
whatever testing is appropriate and effective for substantiating the
safety of their products. It remains the responsibility of the
manufacturer to substantiate the safety of both ingredients and
finished cosmetic products prior to marketing.
2.
Research documenting endocrine disruptor effects is controversial because
a. It is relatively new
b. It poses economic threats to chemical manufactures
c. Studies reporting harm received government funding and studies the reported
no harm were industry backed
d. All of the above.
th
Feb 14 AP ES Agenda
Finish video on electronic waste in Ghana.
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_inde
x.html
Read packet and answer questions at the end in your journals.
Return packets.
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 15th, 2013
1. The largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Glass
Metals
Plastic
Food scraps
Paper
Yard debris
2. The second-largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Glass
Metals
Plastic
Food scraps
Paper
Yard debris
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 15th, 2013
1. The largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste is
e. Paper
2. The second-largest component of U.S. municipal solid waste
f. Yard debris
th
Feb 15 AP ES Agenda
• Finish packets
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 19th, 2013
1. Synthetic pesticides have been found
a. Near agricultural crops
b. In almost every water way in the U.S.
c. In uninhabited polar regions
d. All of the above.
2. What is bioaccumulation? What is the difference between
bioaccumulation and biomagnification?
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 19th, 2013
1. Synthetic pesticides have been found
a. Near agricultural crops
b. In almost every water way in the U.S.
c. In uninhabited polar regions
d. All of the above.
2. What is bioaccumulation? What is the difference
between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?
Toxicants that are fat soluble or oil soluble are
absorbed and stored in fatty tissues, these build up
in an animal called bioaccumulation. Toxicants that
bioaccumulate in the tissues of one organism may
be transferred to other organisms as predators
consume prey. Thus with each step up the food
chain, the toxicants can be greatly magnified.
th
Feb 19 AP ES Agenda
• Chapter 22 ppt.
Feb 20th, 2013
AP
ES
Warm
Up
1. Which of the following produces the largest amount of hazardous
waste?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Industry
Households
Agriculture
Utilities
Building demolitions
2. _______ has/have the smallest amount of per capita solid waste
production
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Canada
The Netherlands
The United States
Germany and Sweden
France
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 20th, 2013
1. Which of the following produces the largest amount of hazardous
waste?
a.
Industry
2. _______ has/have the smallest amount of per capita solid waste
production
d. Germany and Sweden
th
Feb 20 AP ES Agenda
• Transuranic waste (TRU) is, as stated by U.S. regulations and
independent of state or origin, waste which has been contaminated with
alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than
20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g
• FIFRA: Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide Act
• Tyrone Hayes studies endocrine disruptors in frogs, specifically atrazine.
• Louis Guillette studies endocrine disruptors in alligators in Lake Apopka
from DDT, the pesticide dicofol and high levels of nitrates from
surrounding agriculture.
• Yaqui Valley
• PBDEs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers—organobromine compounds
that used as a flame retardant which are now restricted by the Stockholm
Convention
Feb 21st, 2013
AP
ES
Warm
Up
1. To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary
landfills are ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Located on slopes so water runs downhill
Lined with plastic and clay
Lined with cement
Located in unpopulated areas
Located on industrial sites where groundwater is not used for
drinking or agriculture
2. The best solution to the solid waste problem is to _________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Increase the number of WTE facilities
Increase the number of sanitary landfills
Reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream
Subsidize WTE facilities
Increase the number of oceanic burial sites
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 21st, 2013
1. To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary
landfills are ________.
b. Lined with plastic and clay
2. The best solution to the solid waste problem is to _________.
c. Reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream
st
Feb 21 ,
AP ES Agenda
• Go over previous tests
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 22nd, 2013
1. Industrial ecologists _______.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Favor an economy that moves linearly rather than circularly
Advocate taxes on green industries
Seek to redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency
while maximizing economic efficiency
Urge an emphasis on internal manufacturing costs rather than external
costs
Primarily analyze industrial inputs
2. Life-cycle analysis _________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Is an environmental movement designed to reduce municipal traffic and
encourage alternative forms of transport
Defines how different organisms interact within ecosystems
Examines the cycling of carbon in the environment
Is the study of statistical changes in human population
Examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 22nd, 2013
1. Industrial ecologists _______.
c. Seek to redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency
while maximizing economic efficiency
2. Life-cycle analysis _________.
e. Examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency
Feb 22nd, AP ES Agenda
• Watch Trashed
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 22nd, 2013
1. Which of the following are classified as heavy metals?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Lead, mercury and cadmium
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Aluminum, iron and silicon
Any non-biodegradable materials
2. E-wastes are a source of _________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Compostable organic compounds
Ignitables
Heavy metals
Radioactive materials
Acid corrosives
AP ES Warm Up
Feb 22nd, 2013
1. Which of the following are classified as heavy metals?
a.
Lead, mercury, cadmium
2. E-wastes are a source of __________.
c. Heavy metals
Feb 22nd, AP ES Agenda
• Watch Trashed
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 25th, 2013
Any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with
and influence one another through exchange of matter and/or information, is
referred to as
a. An interchange
b. A system
c. An ecosystem
d. An environmental collaboration
e. hierarchy
2. A system receiving inputs and producing outputs without undergoing any changes in
size or function is said to be in ____________.
a. Static control
b. Environmental balance
c. Harmonic resonance
d. Normal balance
e. Dynamic equilibrium
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 25th, 2013
Any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with
and influence one another through exchange of matter and/or information, is
referred to as
b. A system
2. A system receiving inputs and producing outputs without undergoing any changes in
size or function is said to be in ____________.
e. Dynamic equilibrium
Feb 25th, AP ES Agenda
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 26th, 2013
Cattle on an open range, in some areas, may compact fragile soils while grazing. This
can damage plant roots, leading to fewer smaller plants, which may in turn cause
cattle to graze more and work harder to obtain food. This is an example of a _____.
a. Positive feedback loop
b. Negative feedback loop
c. Homeostatic system
d. Dynamic equilibrium
e. Food web
2. The eutrophication that has taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations
appears to be due to ______________.
a. Global warming from human use of fossil fuels
b. Pesticide use along the waterways
c. Heavy metals dumped in the sewage
d. Weather alone, because it is only obvious in the summer
e. Excess nutrients from fertilizers
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 26th, 2013
Cattle on an open range, in some areas, may compact fragile soils while grazing. This
can damage plant roots, leading to fewer smaller plants, which may in turn cause
cattle to graze more and work harder to obtain food. This is an example of a _____.
a. Positive feedback loop
2. The eutrophication that has taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations
appears to be due to ______________.
e. Excess nutrients from fertilizers
Feb 26th, AP ES Agenda
• Finish Chapter 7 ppt.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 27th, 2013
The physical, abiotic components of our planet can be divided into the _______.
a. Geosphere and atmosphere
b. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
c. Lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere
d. Centrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere
e. Centrosphere, geosphere, biosphere and abiosphere
2. A natural ecosystem, undamaged by human activity, is ________.
a. A closed system of organic materials and energy; everything is recycled
b. An open system of organic materials and energy
c. An open system of organic and inorganic materials and energy
d. A closed system of organic and inorganic materials and energy; everything is
recycled
e. An open system of inorganic materials and energy
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 27th, 2013
The physical, abiotic components of our planet can be divided into the _______.
b. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
2. A natural ecosystem, undamaged by human activity, is ________.
c. An open system of organic and inorganic materials and energy
Feb 27th, AP ES Agenda
• Hand outs on Minerals: Chapter 4 in Global Science
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 28th, 2013
The process of subduction________.
a. Causes the formation of deep ocean trenches
b. Occurs when dense ocean crusts slide beneath lighter continental crusts
c. Is caused by volcanoes
d. Occurs when plates pull apart
e. Is responsible for hurricanes
2. Rock that has undergone heat or pressure that causes it to change form is called ___.
a. Conglomerate
b. Igneous
c. Sedimentary
d. Metamorphic
e. Deformative
AP ES Warm Up
1.
Feb 28th, 2013
The process of subduction________.
b. Occurs when dense ocean crusts slide beneath lighter continental crusts
2. Rock that has undergone heat or pressure that causes it to change form is called ___.
d. Metamorphic
Feb 28th, AP ES Agenda
• Hand outs on Minerals: Chapter 4 in Global Science
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOGoKCK17a4
• http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/magnitude.html
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 1st, 2013
Human beings have dramatically altered the flux rate of nitrogen from _______.
a. The atmosphere to various pools on the earth’s surface
b. From soils to the atmosphere
c. Proteins to inorganic ions in soils
d. Oceans to soils
e. Producers to consumers through increased wildfires
2. By damming rivers and using methods such as flood irrigation, we are _______.
a. Increasing evaporation
b. Increasing the water table
c. Decreasing the water table
d. Decreasing transpiration
e. Increasing transportation
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 1st, 2013
Human beings have dramatically altered the flux rate of nitrogen from _______.
a. The atmosphere to various pools on the earth’s surface
2. By damming rivers and using methods such as flood irrigation, we are _______.
a. Increasing evaporation
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 4th, 2013
The human population is approximately __________.
a. 1.5 million
b. 6.5 million
c. 1.5 billion
d. 6.7 billion
e. 10 billion
2. During which time period did the world’s population more than double?
a. 1750-1800
b. 1800-1850
c. 1850-1900
d. 1900-1950
e. 1950-2000
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 4th, 2013
The human population is approximately __________.
d. 6.7 billion
2. During which time period did the world’s population more than double?
e. 1950-2000
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 5th, 2013
If population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be
close to _____%.
a. 1.5
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
e. 25
2. __________ is the world’s most populous nation, home to ____ of the people living
on Earth.
a. China;half
b. China;one-fifth
c. The United States; half
d. The United States; one-fifth
e. India; one-third
AP ES Warm Up
March 5th, 2013
1.
If population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be
close to _____%.
a. 1.5
2. __________ is the world’s most populous nation, home to ____ of the people living
on Earth.
b. China;one-fifth
Rule of thumb: divide the annual percent rate into 70 to get the years for doubling
Times. 70/1.5 = 46 ~50 years
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 6th, 2013
Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate?
a. Spain
b. Italy
c. Pakistan
d. Canada
e. United States
2. Areas with the least dense human populations are in ________.
a. Agricultural areas
b. Temperate areas
c. Europe
d. Mexico
e. The suburbs
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 6th, 2013
Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate?
c. Pakistan
2. Areas with the least dense human populations are in ________.
a. Agricultural areas
AP ES Warm Up
March 7th, 2013
The richest one-fifth of the world’s population possess approximately ____times the
income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth use over 86% of the
world’s resources.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
2. The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion
due to great numbers of people ____.
a. Is not a problem if new resources can be found to replaced deleted ones
b. Is not a problem because disease will limit population size
c. Is not a problem because humans are too intelligent to allow it to be
d. Will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals
e. Will cause a population crash
1.
AP ES Warm Up
March 7th, 2013
The richest one-fifth of the world’s population possess approximately ____times the
income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth use over 86% of the
world’s resources.
e. 80
2. The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion
due to great numbers of people ____.
a. Is not a problem if new resources can be found to replaced deleted ones
1.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 8th, 2013
In a country where there are increasingly more households, _______.
a. Consumption should decrease
b. Consumption should increase
c. Birth rates should increase
d. Birth rates should remain constant
e. Population growth rates should increase
2. As of 2008, total cumulative HIV infections since 1980 are estimated at nearly ____
million.
a. 78
b. 50
c. 25
d. 10
e. 1
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 8th, 2013
In a country where there are increasingly more households, _______.
b. Consumption should increase
2. As of 2008, total cumulative HIV infections since 1980 are estimated at nearly __
million.
a. 78
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 18th, 2013
If a nation has a growth rate 3.5%, how many years will it take for the population to
double in size?
a. 2 years
b. 10 years
c. 20 years
d. 35 years
e. 350 years
2. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing
countries is true?
a. Developed countries are home to twice as many people as developing countries
b. Developed countries are home to four times as many people as developing
countries
c. Developed countries have more rapid population growth rates than developing
countries
d. Developed countries generally have safer water supplies.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 18th, 2013
If a nation has a growth rate 3.5%, how many years will it take for the population to
double in size?
c. 20 years
2. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing
countries is true?
d. Developed countries generally have safer water supplies.
Mar 18th, AP ES Agenda
Human Population Growth
We will create population histograms.
Answer the questions associated with the histograms.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 19th, 2013
If the population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be
close to ________%.
a. 1.5
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
e. 25
2. Replacement fertility ____________.
a. Restores population size after a catastrophic event
b. Is a contraceptive technique
c. Is below 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean
d. In below 2 in Africa
e. Is equal to 2.1 in stable population
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 19th, 2013
If the population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be
close to ________%.
a. 1.5
2. Replacement fertility ____________.
e. Is equal to 2.1 in stable population
Mar 19th, AP ES Agenda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9DvjkMMULw
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/the-magazine/themagazine-latest/ngm-7billion/
http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_religions_and_babies.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXd66gP53fk
1.
AP ES Warm Up
March 20th, 2013
According to the model developed by Donella Meadows and her colleagues, if
human society proceeds as it has for most of the 20th century ______.
a. Pollution levels will soar and productivity decrease exponentially in the next
century
b. Human population will stabilize at about 8 billion
c. Industrial production will reach steady-state as non-renewable resources increase
d. Human population will reach 20 billion by 2100 as pollution levels drop rapidly
e. Human population will crash they grow exponentially to 20 billion
2. The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years in resource use
for human energy and agricultural systems are _______.
a. Increasing and unsustainable
b. Decreasing and sustainable
c. Steady state- no change
d. From unsustainable to sustainable
e. Rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable
AP ES Warm Up
1.
March 20th, 2013
According to the model developed by Donella Meadows and her colleagues, if
human society proceeds as it has for most of the 20th century ______.
a. Pollution levels will soar and productivity decrease exponentially in the next
century
2. The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years in resource use
for human energy and agricultural systems are _______.
a. Increasing and unsustainable
th, AP ES Agenda
Mar
20
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9DvjkMMULw
The World Population Data Sheet at a Glance
Write down the following definitions in your journals:
•A. Population: The number of people living in a region.
•B. Birth Rate: The number of births per 1,000 people per year.
•C. Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
•D. Rate of Natural Increase: Growth caused by having more births
than deaths in a year (does not include immigration or emigration).
•E. Doubling Time: The number of years it will take a population to
double in size if it maintains its current growth rate.
•I = PATS
where I = Impact, P = population, A = Affluence, T =
Technology, S = Sensitivity a given environment is to human pressure
Mar 20th, AP ES Agenda
Human Population Growth
Apple Lab
You will work in groups of 4. You will follow the instructions given to you.
You will answer the corresponding questions in your journals IN
COMPLETE SENTENCES:
How much topsoil is being lost each year in Africa, Europe and Australia?
How much is being lost each year in North, Central and South America?
How much is being lost in Asia?
How much arable soil has already been lost? Cut that amount off the tiny
remaining amount of apple peel. Is this enough space to feed the growing
population?
What are some feasible solutions? Name at least 3.
Mar 20th, AP ES Agenda
•We are pushing for our seniors to complete FAFSA applications so that they will
be eligible for scholarships and financial aide apportunities after
graduation. Currently less than 30% of our seniors have completed this important
process (down 10% from this time last year). To complete the process, a parent
must provide income and tax information, and this is often a barrier for
students. We urge you to make contact with students and parents and encourage
them to attend one of the following planned events:
•Saturday
March 16
9:00-3:00 CASH for College in the
DVHS Library and GO Center
•
-free tax preparation and filing services; t-shirt giveaway; food & drink
•Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday March 19-21
FAFSA/TAFSA
Completion in the DVHS GO Center
free tax preparation and filing
•The Austin Chamber is currently hosting a regional competition; the school with
the highest percentage of seniors with a completed FAFSA wins a DJ and Photo
Booth at Senior Prom.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 21st, 2013
If a population has a growth rate of 7% what is the doubling time?
A species of bacteria has a doubling time of 1 minute. Suppose the bacterium is put
into a bottle and that bottle is full at noon. At what time is the bottle half full?
If you were observing the bacterium in the bottle, when would you suspect there
was a problem? (hint: at 11:55am the bottle is only about 3% filled)
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
March 21st, 2013
If a population has a growth rate of 7% what is the doubling time? 10 years
A species of bacteria has a doubling time of 1 minute. Suppose the bacterium is put
into a bottle and that bottle is full at noon. At what time is the bottle half full? 11:59
3. If you were observing the bacterium in the bottle, when would you suspect there
was a problem? (hint: at 11:55am the bottle is only about 3% filled)
http://www.ted.com/talks/jared_diamond_on_why_societies_collapse.html
Mar 21st, AP ES Agenda
Human Population Growth Continued…
Using the Global Science Textbook, complete the handout.
Mar 20th, AP ES Agenda
•We are pushing for our seniors to complete FAFSA applications so that they will
be eligible for scholarships and financial aide apportunities after
graduation. Currently less than 30% of our seniors have completed this important
process (down 10% from this time last year). To complete the process, a parent
must provide income and tax information, and this is often a barrier for
students. We urge you to make contact with students and parents and encourage
them to attend one of the following planned events:
•Saturday
March 16
9:00-3:00 CASH for College in the
DVHS Library and GO Center
•
-free tax preparation and filing services; t-shirt giveaway; food & drink
•Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday March 19-21
FAFSA/TAFSA
Completion in the DVHS GO Center
free tax preparation and filing
•The Austin Chamber is currently hosting a regional competition; the school with
the highest percentage of seniors with a completed FAFSA wins a DJ and Photo
Booth at Senior Prom.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 22nd, 2013
Identify three reasons why the death rate drops when poor, rural societies begin to
modernize.
Identify three reasons why, as countries/regions modernize and the standard of
living increases, the birth rate begins to drop.
Name three changes that can be made in areas with a high TFR to lower that rate.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 22nd, 2013
Medicine, sanitation, better food, clean water, access to health care
Loss of economic value of having children, career opportunities for women,
availability and use of birth control, increases status of women
Give women more rights-the right to say no to sex, access to birth control, access to
health care, access to education and job opportunities.
Mar 22nd, AP ES Agenda
•We are pushing for our seniors to complete FAFSA applications so that they will
be eligible for scholarships and financial aide apportunities after
graduation. Currently less than 30% of our seniors have completed this important
process (down 10% from this time last year). To complete the process, a parent
must provide income and tax information, and this is often a barrier for
students. We urge you to make contact with students and parents and encourage
them to attend one of the following planned events:
•Saturday
March 16
9:00-3:00 CASH for College in the
DVHS Library and GO Center
•
-free tax preparation and filing services; t-shirt giveaway; food & drink
•Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday March 19-21
FAFSA/TAFSA
Completion in the DVHS GO Center
free tax preparation and filing
•The Austin Chamber is currently hosting a regional competition; the school with
the highest percentage of seniors with a completed FAFSA wins a DJ and Photo
Booth at Senior Prom.
Mar 22nd, AP ES Agenda
Review
TEST
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 25th, 2013
Extinction is ______.
a. A natural process
b. Not caused by human disturbance
c. The loss of communities from the planet
d. Proceeding more slowly now than at any other time
e. Something that occurs only rarely
Most extinction is ______.
a. The result of catastrophe
b. Gradual
c. The result of slow climate change
d. Problematic for generalists
e. Not often a problem for endemics
The two processes that determine the world’s current biodiversity are _____.
a. Allopatric and sympatric speciation
b. Mutation and cleavage
c. Endemism and climate change
d. Extinction and speciation
e. Breeding and ecotourism
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 25th, 2013
Extinction is ______.
a. A natural process
Most extinction is ______.
b. Gradual
The two processes that determine the world’s current biodiversity are _____.
d. Extinction and speciation
Mar 25th, AP ES Agenda
Introduce new unit Terrestrial Ecology
Chapters 5 & 6
Chapter 5 ppt.
http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/324/video.html
1.
2.
3.
AP ES Warm Up
March 26th, 2013
A population is a ________.
a. Group of individuals of interacting species that live in one area
b. Group of individuals of interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems
c. Groups of individuals of a single species that live in one area
d. Subset of bacteria that grow on a petri dish
e. Group of cells that have similar function
Endemic species ________.
a. Are generalist organisms
b. Cause disease
c. Are invasive species that cause extinction
d. Have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species
e. Are found only in one place on the planet
The functional role of a species in its community is its _________.
a. Habitat
b. Place in the food chain
c. Selection
d. Niche
e. Evolution
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 26th, 2013
A population is a ________.
c. Groups of individuals of a single species that live in one area
Endemic species ________.
e. Are found only in one place on the planet
The functional role of a species in its community is its _________.
d. Niche
Mar 26th, AP ES Agenda
Finish Chapter 5 ppt.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 27th, 2013
High population density can __________.
a. Hinder organisms from finding mates
b. Decrease biodiversity within a species
c. Decrease competition
d. Decrease the use of resources
e. Increase the incidence of disease transmission
Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of a population, generally ________.
a. Have no inherent value for predicting growth
b. Cannot predict possible species declines in numbers
c. Have bars that represent sizes of individual organisms
d. Indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class
Unregulated populations tend to increase by __________.
a. Linear growth
b. Exponential growth
c. Pyramidal growth
d. Emigration
e. Immigration
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 27th, 2013
High population density can __________.
e. Increase the incidence of disease transmission
Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of a population, generally ________.
d. Indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class
Unregulated populations tend to increase by __________.
b. Exponential growth
Mar 27th, AP ES Agenda
Biodiversity ppt.
Go over test and grades
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 28th, 2013
Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction?
a. A moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming
established
b. An orchid endemic to an area where logging is occurring
c. A healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment
d. A migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now
gone and replaced by a suburb
e. A mold that attacks wheat in the field
One example of artificial selection is __________.
a. Crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger
b. Gypsy moth as an invasive species
c. Pet dogs that have gone wild are mating with coyotes and live in packs
d. Humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower
e. Broccoli and brussels sprouts
Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from on another.
Over a long period of time, __________.
a. one group will probably become an endemic species
b. both groups will probably become native species
c. the groups will probably become genetically different, and speciation may occur
d. one or both groups will probably become invasive species
e. one or both groups will probably emigrate
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
March 28th, 2013
Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction?
b. An orchid endemic to an area where logging is occurring
One example of artificial selection is __________.
e. Broccoli and brussels sprouts
Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from on another.
Over a long period of time, __________.
c. the groups will probably become genetically different, and speciation may occur
Mar 28th, AP ES Agenda
Write the following definitions and questions down in your journals:
Critically endangered species: these species are wild species whose populations are
believed to have decreased by 80% within 3 generations.
Endangered species have population sizes so small they are at risk of extinction.
1. How many species are endangered?
2. How many have disappeared completely since we’ve begun to monitor them?
3. How many live only in captivity?
4. How much of the world’s coral reefs are in danger?
5. Name the 25 largest animals in the world.
6. What are the top 25 critically endangered species?
7. Why are hammerhead sharks in danger?
8. What 10 species have been saved from extinction?
Mar 28th, AP ES Agenda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoTt9L1wAHo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WX1cCw99cc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ptgu_15sdVc
http://news.discovery.com/animals/videos/endangered-animals.html
http://news.discovery.com/animals/videos/news-poaching-endangersblack-rhinos.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RBdHva0dEc
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 1st, 2013
A small moth pollinates native trees when they bloom in April. Some of the moths emerge in early
March and discover a different blooming shrub to use as a resource. This is an example of what,
over time, could be _________.
a. Sympatric speciation
b. Allopatric speciation
c. An invasive species
d. An extinction for the original population
e. A change in the age structure of the original population
Type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages, is typical of _____________.
a. Redwood trees
b. Large open-water ocean fish, such as tuna
c. Dandelions
d. Large mammals such as gorillas
An example of a density-independent factor would be __________.
a. Blight (a mold disease) in a wheat field
b. Cold weather causing the lake to freeze
c. Nest sites for a flock of warblers
d. A plant parasite, such as mistletoe
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 1st, 2013
A small moth pollinates native trees when they bloom in April. Some of the moths emerge in early
March and discover a different blooming shrub to use as a resource. This is an example of what,
over time, could be _________.
a. Sympatric speciation
Type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages, is typical of _____________.
d. Large mammals such as gorillas
An example of a density-independent factor would be __________.
b. Cold weather causing the lake to freeze
April 1st, AP ES Agenda
Write down the definition of the following words in your journals:
Mutualism Commensalism
Predation Parasitism Amensalism Competition
Species interactions and species vocabulary words.
Then answer the questions on the back in your journals, IN
COMPLETE SENTENCES.
Go over results with ppt.
Chapter 5 Homework Due Today, NO EXCEPTIONS!
Chapter 6 Homework Due Friday.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 2nd , 2013
Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring
every other year, are said to be __________.
a. r-selected
b. K-selected
c. Density-independent organisms
d. Cannot be determined from information given
e. High in biotic potential because of their size, like the gray whale
A coyote which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits or small animals,
is considered to be _________.
a. A generalist, able to be flexible
b. A specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time
c. An endemic, able to be flexible
d. Density independent and resource neutral
e. An organism with a Type II survivorship curve
Which of the following pairs contains, first, an r-selected organism and, second, a K-selected
organism?
a. Elephant; whale
b. Elephant; pine tree
c. Pine tree; dandelion
d. Dandelion; pine tree
e. Grasshopper; whale
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 2nd , 2013
Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one
offspring every other year, are said to be __________.
b. K-selected
A coyote which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits or small
animals, is considered to be _________.
a. A generalist, able to be flexible
Which of the following pairs contains, first, an r-selected organism and, second, a K-selected
organism?
e. Grasshopper; whale
April 2nd, AP ES Agenda
Evolution: The Arms Race Video. You will be given a
hand out. Please complete the handout during the movie
and turn in at the end of class. This is DUE TODAY. I
will not accept late work.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 3rd, 2013
A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from
unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species’ response to natural selection?
a. There will be more deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation
b. There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to
environmental change
c. The species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased
d. The species will compensate from loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species
e. There will be fewer deaths from natural selection because sexual recombination always leads
to extinction
Differentiate between exponential and logistical growth curves. Give examples of the conditions
under which each would occur. Draw an example of each.
Is a carrying capacity a fixed entity? Discuss the role of humans in regulating carrying capacity for
the human species and in altering the carrying capacity for other species.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
April 3rd, 2013
A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from
unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species’ response to natural selection?
b. There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to
environmental change
Differentiate between exponential and logistical growth curves. Give examples of the conditions
under which each would occur.
Exponential growth is growth when there are no constraints. This occurs when a population is small
and environmental conditions are ideal for the organism in question. Mold on a piece of bread and
bacteria colonizing a dead animal are examples. Logistic growth rises exponentially at first an then
begins to level off as the effects of limiting factors become stronger. A population introduced into a
new environment where there are other organisms will experience limitations quickly, and these
limitations will limit the population growth.
While all organisms are subject to environmental resistance, they may be capable of altering their
environment to reduce environmental resistance, or environmental conditions may change naturally
to set a new carrying capacity. Humans can alter their own carrying capacity by finding resources
and through technology, but other species have less flexibility in altering climate. An example is the
golden toad, whose habitat lacked enough moisture. Humans can encroach on an area and reduce
breeding areas, food resources, or alter trophic structure within an ecosystem through hunting.
April 3rd, AP ES Agenda
Evolution: Why Sex?
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 4th, 2013
Briefly describe speciation. Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation.
Describe the sixth mass extinction event, when it occurred, and its specific causes.
A population of quail live in an area of prairie grasslands. In good years, a pair of quail can have
four clutches of young, with as many as 12 to 14 eggs in each clutch. Despite this, the population
size remains stable over time. Discuss the population structure, its potential for growth, and its
possible limiting factors, using at least four of the terms you learned in this chapter.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 4th, 2013
When mutations occur in one population that are not passed to another population, or if natural
selection favors genes in one population and not the other, speciation can occur if gene flow
becomes restricted permanently between the two populations (i.e., they can no longer mate and
produce fertile offspring). If a physical boundary such as a stream divides the two populations,
restricting gene flow between them, and a speciation event occurs, this is termed allopatric
speciation. If it occurs in one location without a physical barrier, this sympatric speciation.
Currently most biologists believe that Earth is in the throes of its sixth mass extinction event and
that we are the cause. The changes to Earth’s environment by human population growth, resource
use, and development have greatly altered conditions for many species, have driven many to
extinction already, and are threatening countless more. The alteration and outright destruction of
natural habitats, the hunting and harvesting of species, pollution and the introduction of invasive
species from one place to another have contributed to the threat of Earth’s biodiversity.
Quail are an r-selected species-they have many offspring that perish prior to adulthood. They do
have the potential for exceeding the carrying capacity within one year with good weather and
plentiful food (an exponential growth rate). Quail population dispersion will have a clumped
pattern, they exhibit a type III survivorship curve. Density-independent factors that control their
numbers may include severe weather, drought or floods. Density-dependent factors may include
disease, predation, available nesting sites, and the amount of food available.
April 4th, AP ES Agenda
http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=9&secNum=1
Biodiversity Lab or Food chain, food web mini lab
Or ppt chapter 6
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 5th, 2013
What ecological traits do successful invasive species possess? How do these traits interact to make
controlling them difficult?
Discuss ways to control invasive species.
Discuss the interrelationship between great whales, orcas, sea lions, otters, sea urchins, and kelp in
the Pacific Ocean.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
April 5th, 2013
Invasive species possess high fecundity, large dispersal ability, the tendency toward general habitat
preference, large phenotypic plasticity, and an absence of native biotic controls such as competitors,
predators, and pathogens. Possessing these traits, elimination can be virtually impossible, even if
only a few survive. They are very adaptable to new environments and spread very rapidly once
established.
Controlling and eradicating invasive species are difficult and expensive. A wide variety of
techniques has been tried, among them manual removal, introduction of predators, and application
of toxic chemicals, heat, sound, electric current, ultraviolet light. Most of these techniques are
localized and short-lived solutions that are not very effective. Prevention of their spread through
education and legislation might prove more effective in the future.
At one time great whales, orcas, sea lions, sea urchins and kelp lived in a balanced ecosystem in the
Pacific Ocean off the coasts of southern California, north to Alaska. However, industrial whaling in
the 20th century in this area significantly affected the populations of these organisms. When great
whales are overhunted, orcas, which fed on the whales had less food. Consequently, the orcas fed on
seals, sea lions, and sea otters instead. Sea otters were also hunted for their fur, and they nearly went
extinct. Because sea otters eat sea urchins, the sea urchin population exploded when the sea otter
population decreased. Sea urchins eat kelp, so kelp beds were destroyed as the sea urchin
population exploded. This was devastating for the ecosystem because kelp is habitat for many fish
and invertebrates. Without kelp, the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem was reduced
significantly. This story illustrates the interrelationship of organisms within ecosystems and
establishes sea otters as a prime example of a keystone species.
April 5th, AP ES Agenda
You will complete the pre-lab, 4 graphs, calculations and post-lab questions.
You must complete the pre-lab questions and 9-column data table prior to
beginning the lab.
For the definitions, you must use the AP book. Radio telemetry runs on the same
basic principles as the radio you listen to every day. A small portable transmitter (radio
station) emits radio waves, which are picked up by a receiver through an antenna. Instead
of transmitting the top forties or local rap stations, the wildlife transmitters emit beeps.
Morphometrics is the branch of mathematics studying the metrical and statistical
properties of shapes and shape changes of geometric objects like molecules, fossiles,
brains, bird wings, ancient handcraft, modern cars, etc.
The shearing action of the teeth in modern carnvores is generated when
the inner surface of the fourth upper premolar (P4) passes outside the
outer surface of the first lower molar. The combination is referred to as
the carnassial pair.
AP ES Warm Up
April 8th, 2013
Nonnative species can have a huge impact on the environment into which they are introduced. Cane toads in
Australia are a famous example of how a nonnative species can take over. Cane toads were brought to
Australia from Hawaii, where toads were being used successfully to help fight the cane beetles that were
destroying sugar cane crops. Unfortunately, Australians soon found out the toads did not jump high enough
to eat the cane beetles that stayed on the upper stalks of the cane plants. When the beetles’ larvae were
emerging from the ground, no toads were around. Consequently, the toads had no impact on the cane beetle
problem in Australia, and farmers returned to using chemical pesticides to control the beetles.
Meanwhile, the toads breed very quickly, their tadpoles outcompete native frog tadpoles, and the cane toads,
which are poisonous, have no natural predators. In addition, while the fish that eat cane-toad tadpoles die
and the animals that eat cane toads die, many cane toads eat native Australian frogs with no dire
consequences to themselves.
The cane toad’s ability to breed very quickly and its lack of natural predators, have led to a sizable population of
cane toads in Australia. They have spread across most of Queensland and the Northern Territory, including
the wetlands of Kakadu. Each pair of cane toads can lay 33,000 eggs per spawning. They are able to eat
almost anything—including dog food.
Cane toads have proven to be one of Australia’s worst environmental disasters, have been responsible for the
reduction of many species and have been very hard to control.
•
Create a graph in your journals that represents the growth curve of the cane toad after their introduction
into Australia. Is it logistical or exponential? Explain your answer.
•
Explain the reproductive strategy of the cane toads, include a discussion of the biotic potential and
environmental resistance of the cane toads using specific ecological vocabulary. (hint: K-selected, etc.)
•
What has happened to the population density of the cane toads and why?
•
Discuss the predator-prey dynamics in the story of the cane toads.
April 8th, AP ES Agenda
Work in pairs to complete the lab in your journals.
You will complete the pre-lab, 4 graphs, calculations and post-lab
questions.
You must complete the pre-lab questions and 9-column data table prior to
beginning the lab.
For the definitions, you must use the AP book. Radio telemetry runs on
the same basic principles as the radio you listen to every day. A small
portable transmitter (radio station) emits radio waves, which are picked
up by a receiver through an antenna. Instead of transmitting the top
forties or local rap stations, the wildlife transmitters emit beeps.
Materials:
string
meter sticks
sand
graduated cylinders
AP ES Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
April 8th, 2013
Your graph should be an exponential curve.
Cane toads are r-strategists. However, unlike most other r strategists, many of their
offspring reach adulthood. This possibility shows the danger of nonnative species. The
biotic potential of the cane toad is very high because of its high reproductive rate, its
ability to migrate and invade new habitats, its poison as a defense mechanism, and its
ability to cope with adverse conditions. The environmental resistance of the cane toad is
low because it eats almost anything, has no natural predators, and has no competition in
the environment.
The population density of cane toads is very high due to a high biotic potential and a low
environmental resistance.
The predator-prey dynamics in the cane toad story illustrates one of the problems
associated with introduced species. Since there are no natural predators in Australia to
help keep the cane toad numbers in check, the cane toad population has been able to
grow exponentially.
AP ES Warm Up
April 9th, 2013
I = PAT S
Discuss how impact is a result of population, affluence, technology and sensitivity to a given
environment. Specifically discuss the human population of the United States and our impact
on the planet. Write down the equation to determine doubling time. Name three reasons
birth rates fall with affluence. Write down a min. of three reasons there has been exponential
decline in species in correlation with human population growth.
AP ES Warm Up
April 9th, 2013
Impact to the environment = Human population x Affluence x Technology x Sensitivity to
particular environment
The impact to the environment is directly affected by human population. Each new person on
the planet requires resources to survive: food, textiles, minerals, water, space to live,
space for waste, etc. The more affluent the parents of that child are, the more resources
they will consume. Technology plays a role in our ability to gain resources: technology
to extract minerals, fossil fuels, water, etc. Sensitivity to particular environment:
overpopulation in an area such as Las Vegas that is located in a desert, coastlines and
riparian zones that harbor an abundance of biodiversity, all have higher impacts than
humans living in an environment that is more equipped to provide resources for the
population and low impact for species that live there. Lowered death rate due to
technological advances also contributes to population growth as well as extraction for
those resources, i.e. destruction of delicate ecosystems to extract healing plants.
Although developing nations have higher birth rates and population growth, those people
have a lower impact on the environment than people in developed nations such as the
U.S. The average American places at least 20 times the demand on Earth’s resources than
does a person in a developing country. Species extinction has grown at an exponential
rate due to habitat destruction, over harvesting of species (plants and animals), pollution
of the environment including hazardous waste, contaminated water supplies, pesticides,
plastics, oil spills, ect.
April 9th, AP ES Agenda
Chapter 6 ppt.
AP ES Warm Up
April 10th, 2013
1. Fish stocks around the world are declining. Technology, over-fishing, and development of
coastal areas are three of the main reasons given as causes of declining fish populations.
A moratorium on fishing in certain areas, such as the Georges Bank off the east coast of
the United States, has greatly changed the lives of the people who relied on fishing for
their livelihoods. Many parties are worthy of blame, but fisheries biologists and fisher
envision very different solutions to this problem.
A. (4 points) Discuss two fishing techniques that have led to the severe depletion of fish
stocks.
B. (3 points) Describe two management strategies that need to be enacted by the
government to ensure that fishing is conducted in more sustainable ways.
C. (2 points) Give one argument from the point of view of a fisherman and one argument
from the point of view of a governmental agent about the closing of the Georges Bank.
D. (4 points) name one species of seafood that we should avoid eating from the
standpoint of environmental sustainability. Name another species that is fished in an
environmentally sound manner and is less damaging to consume. For each, explain the
reason that you chose it.
AP ES Warm Up
April 10th, 2013
A (4 points) Two fishing techniques that have led to the severe depletion of fish are bottom
trawling (which dredges the bottom of the ocean and takes every benthic species with it
as well as destroying the habitats they live in) and commercial seine fishing (which takes
every type of organism that gets caught in the net whether on purpose or accident—
known as bycatch). Fish can no longer “hide” because of sophisticated sonar systems,
refrigeration has allowed much larger catches to be kept for longer periods of time and
large factory boats can stay out months at time. Long line fishing allows thousands of
fish to be caught at one time, blast fishing on corals and building of dams that prevent
migration and spawning.
B (3 points) Management strategies that have worked are limiting the number of permit for
fishers. No additional permits are issued, they are bought and sold between parties.
Reduce by-catch, the wasteful collection and disposal of fish that are not the ones
targeted by the expedition. Whatever the boat catches is what they bring to market.
Marine sanctuaries, closing areas where fish are depleted, preventing development in
wetlands and estuaries and not allowing small fish to be caught are all acceptable
answers.
C. (2 points) Argument of fishers: we need the Banks for our livelihoods; prevent
development and pollution of the shorelines. Biologist: once the fish are depleted, you
simply can’t keep taking them or they will be fished to extinction. If they are protected
for some time, numbers will rise and then sustainable fishing can resume.
AP ES Warm Up
April 10th, 2013
D (4 points) There is a wallet-sized guide for ordering seafood in restaurants. The first of
three examples of seafood to avoid include farmed shrimp, which are raised in farms
along mangrove swamps. The waste from the shrimp farms destroys the mangroves, a
place that provides safety for many juvenile fish. The second and third common seafood
choices that have been much publicized are the highly endangered Patagonian Tooth Fish
(sold as Chilean Sea Bass) and shark fin soup, which requires severing the dorsal fi and
throwing the shark back in the water to die. Wild salmon and Halibut are both taken in a
reasonably sustainable manner and Tilapia is farmed in a most sustainable way. Bluefin
tuna is being depleted at unsustainable rates, Atlantic cod has been virtually wiped out
by commercial fishing, flounders, groupers and farmed salmon are all species to stay
away from.
April 10th, AP ES Agenda
Finish Chapter 6 ppt.
Biodiversity Pre-Test
Grade each others tests
AP ES Warm Up
April 11th, 2013
A new aquatic ecosystem has been found in a small lake underneath a thick pack of ice in
Antarctica. Measurements show that light can penetrate the ice into the water. Through
drill holes, scientists have brought up samples and set up a laboratory on-site. The
ecosystem appears to be entirely microscopic, and there are at least four new species of
plankton in the water samples. You have been sent to investigate and characterize the
new ecosystem.
(A) Discuss how you would determine that the energy source for the ecosystem is sunlight.
(B) Describe the possible experiments that you might conduct to determine the trophic levels
of each species (A-D), and explain how the results of those experiments might help you
conclude which species is at which trophic level.
AP ES Warm Up
April 11th, 2013
The passage mentioned that light could permeate the ice into the lake, so you might
hypothesize that the energy for the food chain could come from light and some
organisms in the plankton would be photosynthetic. You could test this by incubating two
samples, one in light conditions and one in dark conditions, and observe them over time
to see which sample lives and which one dies. If the producers in the ecosystem are
photosynthetic, then the samples incubated in the dark will die out, while those incubated
in the light will survive. If the basis of the food chain is some other type of energy, then
the results of this experiment indicate that it is non-photosynthetic, but it will be
inconclusive as to the exact nature of the energy source.
To determine trophic levels you could (1) observe the population over time in an attempt to
determine who eats whom. And you would have direct observational evidence of the
food chain. (2) You could count the numbers of each species in many samples and
construct a pyramid of numbers. The largest number of organisms would indicate the
producers and the smallest number would indicate the top-level consumers. Intermediate
numbers would indicate which species belonged to first- and second-order consumers.(3)
you could introduce small amounts of radioactively labeled nutrient or foreign substance
(e.g. heavy metal) into several sample containers. Take samples from each container over
time, isolate each species, measure the amount of radioactivity of the concentration of
foreign substance in the tissues of each species, and plot these values over time. When a
pollutant or radioactively labeled nutrient is introduced into an ecosystem, it follows a
pattern over time. It first appears in producers, then first order consumers, and so on and
the concentrations would increase per increase in trophic level.
April 11th, AP ES Agenda
Using the handout I have provided you, you will answer the following
questions in your journals:
1. How is biodiversity defined?
2. How is biodiversity measured?
3. What are some of the reasons to maintain biodiversity?
4. What is habitat fragmentation? What impact does it have on
ecosystems and the community that includes humans?
5. How does the present rate of extinction compare to previous eras?
What is the sixth mass extinction?
6. What factors contribute to the probability that a species will go
extinct?
7. On the very last page of the handout I’ve given you is a scenario of
two species: which of two is more likely to go extinct? Why?
8. Answer the two discussion questions in your journals.
AP ES Warm Up
April 12th, 2013
1. Identify two processes that cause physical alteration of habitat and explain how they affect
biodiversity.
2. Read the following statement from U.S. Representative James Hansen of Utah: “The EPA
has become a wrecking ball in this country, devastating personal finances and regional
economies.”
What factors contribute to the support of or opposition to environmental legislation?
AP ES Warm Up
April 12th, 2013
There are 3 processes that cause physical alteration of habitat and can affect
biodiversity: conversion, fragmentation, and simplification. Conversion refers to
converting natural areas to farms or houses. Any loss of natural habitat can
result in only one thing: a proportional reduction in all populations that require
that habitat. Fragmentation refers to breaking up a habitat into two or more
habitats separated by human settlements. Fragmentation can prevent migration
between the fragments, a greater proportion of the edges (which can be
detrimental to some species), and a disruption in mating opportunities.
Simplification refers to practices or activities that simplify a habitat, such as
planting monocultures or removing dead branches or trees. When humans
simplify an environment, they remove an important microclimate that many
species need to survive This removal can lead to a reduction in biodiversity.
Support for environmental legislation comes from environmental groups looking to
sustain natural habitats and develop ecologically secure and long-lasting
environments. Opposition comes from development, timber, and mineral
interests looking to maximize profits and contain costs. These groups feel that
the Endangered Species Act places more importance on the endangered species
than on human needs and economic growth.
April 12th, AP ES Agenda
TEST Chapters 5 and 6
GOOD LUCK!
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 15th, 2013
The debate over the vast use of SUVs in the United States is clarified by looking at
actual numbers of usage for a single year. Refer to the chart below to answer the
following questions. (The numbers are approximate and simplified for ease of
calculation.) Data for Anytown, USA: January 1-December 31, 2006
Number of SUVs purchased
100
Number of passenger cars purchased
160
Number of avg kilometers driven each vehicle
daily (including weekends)
80
Average gas mileage per SUV
3 km per L
Average gas mileage per sedan
8 km per L
Number of liters per barrel
160
Number of kg of CO2 emitted per liter of gasoline 3 kg
SHOW YOUR WORK!
(A) (3 points) How many barrels of oil are used over the course of one year by the passenger
cars that were purchased?
(B) (5 points) How much less CO2 would have been emitted over the course of 10 days if all
SUVs had been passenger cars instead?
(C) (2 points) Suggest two ways that we can reduce the amount of fossil fuels used.
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 15th, 2013
The first two parts are simple conversion problems. Think about all the numerical
manipulation you made in every science or math class. Cancellations make fractions
more manageable. The third part shouldn’t be missed by any person, even if you haven’t
taken the course.
(A) 160 cars x 365 days x 80 km/car x 1L/8km x 1 barrel/160L = 3,650 barrels
(B) 100 SUVs x 10 days x 80 km/vehicle/day x 1 L/8km x 3kg CO2/1L = 80,000kg CO2
100 cars x 10 days x 80km/vehicle/day x 1 L/3km x 3kg CO2/1L= 30,000kg CO2
The difference between them is 50,000 kg CO2
(C) There are so many ways we can reduce energy use. A few ideas are carpooling, taking
public transportation, biking, and controlling all electricity used in the home for lights, heat,
and air-conditioning.
www.carlustblog.com
101exercises.com
April 15th, AP ES Agenda
Review for AP Test
Free Response Question Practice
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 16th, 2013
The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be
8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year,
what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystems, in kcal/m2 per year?
SHOW YOUR WORK!
A. 4,000
B. 8,000
C. 12,000
D. 20,000
E. 96,000
1. A home uses ten 100-watt lightbulbs for five hours per day. Approximately how many
kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are consumed in one year by used the lightbulbs?
A. 365
B. 1,825
C. 5,000
D. 10,500
E. 365,000
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 16th, 2013
The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000
kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is
the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystems, in kcal/m2 per year?
D. 20,000
12,000 kcal/m2 + 8,000 kcal/m2 (net + respiration costs)
2. A home uses ten 100-watt lightbulbs for five hours per day. Approximately how many
kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are consumed in one year by used the lightbulbs?
B. 1,825
10 x 100 watts x 5hours/day x 365 days = 1,825,000 watt/hours convert to kilowatt/hours =
1825
bufescience.blogspot.com
www.sage.wisc.edu
bufescience.blogspot.com
April 16th, AP ES Agenda
Review for AP Test
Free Response Question Practice
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 17th, 2013
The half-life of radon gas is approximately four days. Four weeks after the introduction
of radon into a sealed room, the fraction of the original amount remaining is closest to
SHOW YOUR WORK!
A. ½
B. 1/8
C. 1/32
D. 1/64
E. 1/128
1. If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000,
the natural annual percent increase of its population is
A. .6%
B. 1.6%
C. 3%
D. 16%
E. 32%
AP ES Warm Up
1.
April 17th, 2013
The half-life of radon gas is approximately four days. Four weeks after the introduction
of radon into a sealed room, the fraction of the original amount remaining is closest to
SHOW YOUR WORK! 4 weeks x 7 days/week = 28 days 28 days/4 day half-life = 7 (1/2)7
E. 1/128
1. If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000,
the natural annual percent increase of its population is
B. 1.6% Birth rate(24 per 1000) – death rate(8 per 1000) = 16 per 1000 (rate of natural
increase) 16/1000 = .0160 or 1.6%
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
www.rand.org
April 17th, AP ES Agenda
Review for AP Test
Math practice problems
AP ES Warm Up
April 18th, 2013
Read the following article from the Fremont Gazette and answer the questions that follow.
The Marcellus shale is a large domestic natural gas reserve that could supply the United States
energy needs for 25 years. The 350-million-year-old geologic formation stretches from New York
to West Virginia on land that is largely undeveloped. It was once thought that it was too difficult
to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale, but new drilling technology allows energy
companies to tap this vast reserve. The natural gas is removed by a process called hydraulic
fracturing, or fracking. During this process, the shale is drilled and millions of gallons of water,
sand and chemicals are pumped into the shale at high pressure, shattering the shale and releasing
the natural gas trapped within. While some of this water remains below ground, contaminated
water is also stored in ponds, trucked to wastewater treatment plants, or disposed of by spraying
it on nearby land.
(A) Identify and describe TWO water-related environmental problems associated with fracking.
(B) Natural gas is considered to be a better fossil fuel for the environment than coal is. Discuss
TWO environmental drawbacks, not related to water use, of using the fracking process to
obtain the natural gas from shale.
(C) Describe one economic benefit to society of using fracking to obtain natural gas from shale.
(D) Nuclear power is an alternative to using natural gas or coal as a fuel for generating electricity.
However, there are also problems associated with nuclear power plants. Describe TWO
negative environmental impacts associated with nuclear power.
AP ES Warm Up
A. Groundwater contamination
April 18th, 2013
•
Fracking liquids or chemicals can contaminate ground water
•
Liquid wastes stored in waste lagoons can leach into groundwater
•
Drilling can allow methane to seep into ground water
Surface water Contamination: wastewater sprayed on roadways can run off and contaminate rivers,
streams and lakes, spills of wastewater (or brine) can contaminate rivers, streams and lakes,
wastewater disposed of in streams and rivers may contain salts, heavymetals, benzene and other
contaminates and high water demands compete with drinking water
B. Environmental drawbacks of fracking
•
•
•
•
Habitat fragmentation/destruction can occur form setting up the drilling site or from building
roads
Earthquakes can result from the drilling/fracking process
Methane can leak into the atmosphere from the process, resulting in an increase in greenhouse
gas
Subsidence of the land can occur once fracking fluids are removed
More environmental drawbacks of fracking….
• Trucks and drilling equipment consume a nonrenewable resource fuel and release CO2
(greenhouse gases) and potentially, SOx (which produce acid rain) and NOx (which
produce acid rain and photochemical smog)
• Noise pollution is caused by heavy drilling rigs and by increased truck traffic
• Soil salinization or heavy metal contamination can result from the spraying of
wastewater
• The drilling site increases the amount of particulate matter in the air
AP ES Warm Up
April 18th, 2013
Benefits of natural gas include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fewer SOx are produced resulting in less acid rain
Fewer NOx are produced resulting in less acid rain and less photochemical smog
Less Hg is released
Harmful mining techniques are avoided, for example, no strip mining or mountaintop removal
Fewer particulates (soot) are released
Less CO2 is produced
C. Economic benefits of fracking
• Development of a domestic energy resource (reducing foreign influences on price)
• Creation of jobs
• Financial gains to individuals who lease their property to the natural gas companies
D. Two negative environmental impacts associated with nuclear power
• Spent nuclear waste (fuel): a storage facility does not exist for high-level waste, waste
has to be stored for 10 half-lives in order to be considered safe
• Thermal pollution from cooling operations (impacting surface waters)
• Nuclear accidents/plant failures: release of radioactive substances, resulting in
contamination of soil, water, air and living organisms
AP ES Warm Up
April 18th, 2013
E. Two negative environmental impacts associated with nuclear power continued…
• Results of mining uranium
• Habitat degradation
• Radioactive mine tailings
• Large amounts of water are used
• CO2 is released during the transportation and enrichment process (from fossil fuels)
Uranium is a nonrenewable resource
Limited life span: plants have to be decommissioned
Runoff into surface water during construciton
Waste produced during the enrichment process
Nuclear energy production is less efficient than a coal-burning power plant; most uranium ends up
as waste (unless it is a Breeder reactor).
April 18th, AP ES Agenda
Review for AP Test
1st half of practice test
AP ES Warm Up
April 19th, 2013
The active ingredients in many pesticides are chemical compounds that kill organisms such as
insects, molds and weeds. Proponents claim that the use of pesticides improves crop yields and
thus protects land and soil by reducing the conversion of forests and wetlands to cropland.
Opponents of pesticide use claim that pesticides degrade water and soil quality and that other
modern agricultural techniques and practices are responsible for the improved crop yields in
recent years.
(A) Design a laboratory experiment to determine whether or not a new pesticide (product
x) is toxic to minnows, a type of a small fish. For the experiment you design, be sure to do
all of the following.
(i) State the hypothesis
(ii) Describe the method you would use to test your hypothesis
(iii) identify the control
(iv) identify the independent variable
(B) Describe experimental results that would lead you to reject your hypothesis in part (a)
(i). Be specific.
(C) One strategy for dealing with agricultural pests is integrated pest management (IPM)
(i) Describe IPM. As part of your description, include TWO specific pest-control
approaches that are part of IPM.
(ii) Identify one environmental benefit of using IPM
(D) Describe TWO agricultural practices, other than those involving pest control, that
increase crop yield.
AP ES Warm Up
April 19th, 2013
You will score each others’ work based on the rubric I have provided for you.
April 19th, AP ES Agenda
Diagnostic Test
Practice math problems
AP ES Warm Up
April 22nd, 2013
A. Explain how deforestation in the tropics would
impact all of the following
•
Evapotranspiration
•
Precipitation
•
Surface runoff
•
Water pollution
•
Air pollution
B. Describe the problems of soil erosion and
desertification.
C. List and explain three ways a person could
control erosion.
D. You pick up a sample of soil and decide you
want to find out what kind of texture it is.
Using a soil texture kit, you determine that the
soil is 20% sand, 60% silt, and 20% clay. Use
the soil texture triangle to determine the texture
of your soil.
AP ES Warm Up
April 22nd, 2013
A. 1a.Fewer plants means less evapotranspiration, which could impact the area’s
climate by reducing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.1b. If there was
fewer plants, the air near the tropics would become hotter and drier and reduce
the amount of moist air that would be available to cause precipitation. 1c.
Deforestation would increase surface runoff because there would be less plants to
help catch and hold precipitation. Consequently, less precipitation would infiltrate
into groundwater and more would run off into rivers, streams, and lakes. 1d. The
amount of pollutants in the area’s water would increase due to more surface
runoff to lakes, rivers, and streams carrying pollutants. Pollutants in the
groundwater also would increase because there would be less plants available to
filter out such toxins.1e. Air pollutants would increase as the result of more dust
and soil becoming airborne..
B. Soil erosion and desertification are problems associated with overgrazing and
overcultivation. Erosion occurs when ranches are allowed to graze their animals
to the point at which the land cannot recover. The same problem happens when
farmers use unsustainable farming practices that till up the land and leave it
exposed to the elements. Salinization can lead to desertification when salt blows
onto the land and causes plants to no longer grow. The loss of plant life leaves the
soil with no cover to protect it from the wind and rain.
April 22nd, AP ES Agenda
AP Review
Please write your name on the index card and the subject of the
questions you missed during the two practice tests we took last week
and hand in to me.
Jeopardy Review
AP ES Warm Up
April 23rd, 2013
A. Using the graphs determine the net change in atmospheric CO2 concentration
between 140,000 years ago and 125,000 years ago.
B. Calculate the ratio of the change in mean global temperature to the change in
atmospheric CO2 concentration between 140,000 and 125,000 years ago.
C. Scientists predict that between 1950 and 2050, the atmospheric CO2
concentrations will increase by 200 ppm. Predict the change in temperature
between 1950 and 2050 using the ration you calculated in B.
AP ES Warm Up
April 23rd, 2013
D. Describe one major assumption that was necessary to make the prediction in part
(C) above. Discuss the validity of the assumption.
E. Identify and describe TWO major causes for the predicted 220 ppm increase in
atmospheric CO2 concentration between 1950 and 2050.
F. Identify TWO gases other than CO2 that contribute to the anthropogenic increase
in mean global temperature. For each gas, describe a major human activity that
leads to its release.
April 23rd, AP ES Agenda
Review for AP Test
In pairs, get a white board and an AP book.
When I say “GO” you will draw what I describe as quickly as you
can.
I will time you. When the timer goes off, you must stop drawing.
Each pair will present their drawing and explanation. I will let you
know if you earn the point.
Keep track of the points that you and your partner earn.
The last two teams will have a “draw off.”
AP ES Warm Up
April 24th, 2013
. The Fremont School District uses oil to heat school buildings. Go Green! Is a new
project the district will implement. The superintendent has declared that the district
will dedicate itself to reducing its carbon footprint. In addition to taking serious
energy-conservation measures, the district is planning to help offset its carbon dioxide
emissions by raising money to help conserve a portion of a large tract of forest land
adjacent to the high school campus.
1.
2.
3.
Describe one alternative energy source that would reduce the carbon footprint of the
school district. Discuss one environmental benefit (other than reduced CO2 emissions)
and one environmental drawback of using the alternative source instead of fuel oil.
Identify TWO ecological benefits provided by intact forest ecosystems (other than
reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere).
Use the assumption below to answer the questions that follow. For each calculation, show
all work.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
The biomass of the forest increases at an annual rate of 2.7 x 10^5 kg/ha
The forest biomass is 50 percent carbon by mass
Each year the district uses 3.0 x 10^5 gallons of fuel oil for heating and hot water
10 kg of CO2 is produced when 1 gallon of fuel oil is burned
1.0 kg of CO2 contains .27 kg of carbon
The cost of putting 1 ha of the forest into conservancy is $12,000
AP ES Warm Up
i.
April 24th, 2013
Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is accumulated and stored in 1.0 ha of
forest in one year.
ii. Calculate the mass of carbon, in kg, that is emitted by the school as a result of
its fuel-oil consumption in one year.
iii. Calculate the number of hectares of forest the school district needs to conserve
in order to offset the carbon released in one year by the school burning its fuel
oil.
iv. Calculate the amount of money the school district must raise for the
conversation project.
WE WILL GRADE THIS AND I WILL COLLECT THE GRADE ON IT
April 24TH, AP ES Agenda
PPT on Chapter 11
April 25th, 2013
AP
ES
Warm
Up
Using your textbooks please answer the following. We will grade this and I am
collecting those grades.
A. The City of Fremont has a large brownfield located along the Fremont River. The
brownfield is a former industrial site where contamination by hazardous chemicals
impedes redevelopment. The city council is considering two options for reclaiming
the brownfield. The first option is to excavate and remove the contaminated soil and
the second option is to decontaminate the soil on site using vegetation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assume that the city council chooses the first option. Describe TWO problems that
result from removing the contaminated soil from the brownfield.
Assume that the city council chooses the second option. Explain how vegetation could
be used to decontaminate the soil. Discuss one advantage and on disadvantage of using
this reclamation method.
Describe and explain one environmental benefit and one societal benefit of brownfield
reclamation.
Identify and describe
i.
ii.
One method currently used to reduce the production of hazardous waste and
One method of legally disposing of hazardous waste.
April 25TH, AP ES Agenda
Pictionary
AP ES Warm Up
April 26th, 2013
Using your textbooks please answer the following. We will grade this and I am collecting
those grades.
Wetlands were once considered to be wastelands. Over 50 percent of the United States
original wetlands have been destroyed.
A. Describe TWO characteristics that are used by scientists to define an area as a
wetland.
B. Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems with complex food webs.
1. Complete the diagram of the wetland food web here
by drawing arrows that show the direction of energy flow.
2. Explain why it takes many hectares of wetland to
support a pair of eagles.
1.
Fish
Algae
Snail
Eagle
Describe TWO economic benefits (other than those related to water quality) that wetland
provide.
Describe ONE specific human activity that degrades wetlands.
Wastewater treatment plants perform some of the same water-quality improvement
functions that natural wetlands perform. Explain how wetlands perform the equivalent of
2.
3.
1.
2.
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
AP ES Warm Up
April 29th, 2013
1. If a population of 10,000 experiences 70 births, 40 deaths, 30 immigrants and 50 emigrants in a
year, what is the net annual percentage growth rate?
2. If a country’s population grows at a yearly rate of 3%, in how many years will the population
double?
3. Compare the rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain
the differences you find.
4. What are some issues that countries face when their populations are shrinking?
April 29th, 2013
AP ES Warm Up
1. 70-40 + 30-50/10,000 x 100%
30 + (-20)/10,000 x 100%
10/10,000 x 100% = 0.1%
2. 70/3 = 23 years
3. Comparing the rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries.
Explain the differences you find. Developed countries are growing slowly, at a rate of 0.1% a
year. Developing countries are growing at a faster pace, around 1.5% a year. This difference in
growth rates mean that 98% of the world’s population growth is occurring in developing
countries. Because many of these countries do not educate or employ women, their only value
in society is having children. Many women do not have a choice about when and how many
children they will have. Also, many of the people in these countries rely on physical labor for
their income and/or livelihood, so the more children they have the better they will be
financially. Another issue with developing countries is that many cultures rely in their children
to take care of them in their old age. This is also incentive to have many children. Studies have
shown that when women are given the choice to have many children or few, they would
choose to have less children.
4. What are some issues that countries face when their populations are shrinking? Issues facing
countries with negative growth rates are usually economic. Who will produce the goods and
services needed by an aging population, and will the country’s economy remain competitive?
These issues have led some European countries to encourage their people to have more
children. Can you think of an alternative for Europeans besides having more children?
April 29TH, AP ES Agenda
Pictionary
AP ES Warm Up
April 30th, 2013
1. There has been a big shift in developing countries form sustainable agriculture to agriculture that
is unsustainable.
a) Why are farmers in developing countries utilizing unsustainable farming practices?
b) What are the environmental impacts of such practices?
c) How might policy makers encourage sustainable farming practices?
AP ES Warm Up
April 30th, 2013
1. There has been a big shift in developing countries form sustainable agriculture to agriculture that
is unsustainable.
a) Why are farmers in developing countries utilizing unsustainable farming practices? Farmers in
developing countries are trying to feed their families and to make a little profit. In the short
run, unsustainable agricultural practices are cheap and easy. For example, many farmers in
Mexico will burn their crops after harvest so that they can begin to plant the next set of crops.
A sustainable technique is to till the crop residue into the soil as fertilizer, rather than stripping
the land of these needed nutrients. They also irrigate unsustainably, use fertilizers and
pesticides in unsustainable manners to increase crop yields in the short run.
b) What are the environmental impacts of such practices? Some environmental impacts of such
practices are deforestation, erosion, nutrient depleted soils, sediment pollution in the water
and air from eroded soil, desertification, salinization, degradation of water supplies due to
fertilizer and pesticide run-off.
c) How might policy makers encourage sustainable farming practices? Policy makers could
encourage sustainable agriculture by providing subsidies or tax-incentives to farmers who use
environmentally sound practices; by raising public awareness of the benefits of sustainable
agriculture through educational outreach efforts; or be regulating the use of fertilizers and
pesticides.
April 30TH, AP ES Agenda
REVIEW
AP ES Warm Up
May 1st , 2013
1. Using your book, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting a forest
with the use of selective cutting. Chapter 12
AP ES Warm Up
May 1st , 2013
1. Using your book, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting a
forest with the use of selective cutting. Chapter 12
2. Although clear-cutting is cheaper and more efficient, it destroys habitat and reduces
biodiversity. Selective cutting is more costly than clear-cutting because large equipment like
bulldozers cannot be used to cut down tree. However, selective cutting preserves the natural
setting of the landscape, is more aesthetic, reduces erosion and pollution problems and
maintains biodiversity.
April 30TH, AP ES Agenda
REVIEW
AP ES Warm Up
May 2nd, 2013
1. Running at full capacity, a power company is able to generate 10 megawatts of electricity to a
city that demands 10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electrical energy each year. There are 5,000
homes in the city, and each homeowner pays $0.10 per kWh.
a. If the power plant operates at full capacity for 10,000 hours/year, how many kilowatts of electricity can be
produced by the plant in one year?
b. At the current rate of electrical energy use per household, how many kilowatts of electrical energy dows
the community consume is one year?
c. Identify two environmental effects that coal-burning power plants are having on the environment.
Worldcoal.org
AP ES Warm Up
May 2nd, 2013
1. Running at full capacity, a power company is able to generate 10 megawatts of electricity to a
city that demands 10,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electrical energy each year. There are 5,000
homes in the city, and each homeowner pays $0.10 per kWh.
a. If the power plant operates at full capacity for 10,000 hours/year, how many kilowatts of electricity can be
produced by the plant in one year? 1.0 x 10^4 kW x 10,000 = 100,000,000 kWh/yr or 1.0 x 10^8
b. At the current rate of electrical energy use per household, how many kilowatts of electrical energy dows
the community consume is one year? 5,000 homes x 10,000 kWh = 50,000,000
c. Identify two environmental effects that coal-burning power plants are having on the environment.
A coal-burning power plant contributes to many environmental hazards. These hazards include (but aren’t
limited to) high emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dust, particulates, thermal pollutants, and NOx. In
addition, coal mining pollutes the environment with acids, tears up the land contributing to water pollution ,air
pollution, and habitat destruction.
May 2nd, AP ES Agenda
PRACTICE TEST
AP ES Warm Up
May 3rd, 2013
1. Matamoras, Mexico has an abnormally high incidence of children born with part of their brain
missing. Epidemiologists studying the area would want to consider many risk factors and hazards
to which the children or their mothers have been exposed.
a. What risk factors would the epidemiologists need to consider when determining the cause of these
illnesses?
b. Why are the environmental issues causing problems in children rather than adults?
c. What is the name for substances that cause birthdefects?
Facility
Total toxic chemical emissions (tons)
Aerotech
2.4
AT&T - Plant I & II
17
Auto Trim
39
Breed Automotive
78
Brownsville Rubber
19
Cepillos
60
Componentes Mecanicos
2,197
Condura - Plant I
39
Cooper
5.0
CTS
113
Daniel Matamoros (Danmasa)
0.8
Deltronicos
179
Dura/Wickes
5.0
Ensambladora
221
Fisher Price
5.7
Formitec
445
Gobar
10
Hunter Fan
11
Industrias Thompson (ITT)
0.7
Kearfott
2.0
Kemet - Plant I
316
Kemet - Plant II
6.8
Leece Neville
18
Lepco
1.9
LVI/KLH - Painting
0.2
Magnatek Brownsville
125
Magnetek Matamoros
87
Maquiladora General (Rohm & Haas)
134
Metales Federados
2.9
Neco/Sunbeam
50
Porta Systems
2.1
Productos de Preservacion
0.6
Puertas y Vidrios
1.0
Quimica Fluor
165
Ranco
39
Remir
987
Stepan
155
Summit Componentes
84
Teccor #1
2.0
Teccor #2
16
Terralta
0.6
Trico Brownsville
0.5
Trico Matamoros
135
Victoreen
3.3
Zenith (Electropartes)
547
Matamoros City Dump
9,707
AP ES Warm Up
May 3rd, 2013
1. Matamoras, Mexico has an abnormally high incidence of children born with part of their brain
missing. Epidemiologists studying the area would want to consider many risk factors and hazards
to which the children or their mothers have been exposed.
a. The epidemiologists would need to consider chemical, physical, cultural, and/or biological factors when
studying these children. They would want to find the cause of the birth defect and prevent the hazard from
getting into the drinking water, food supply or air supplies.
b. Why are the environmental issues causing problems in children rather than adults? Children are more
susceptible to diseases and environmental hazards than adult because of children’s smaller sizes, weaker immune
systems and immature development.
c. What is the name for substances that cause birthdefects? Terotogens
May 2nd, AP ES Agenda
PRACTICE TEST REVIEW
Finish Chapter 6 ppt.
Quantifying Biodiversity with Diversity Indices and discussion questions.
Using the BIODIVERSITY PACKET, answer the questions ON THE BACK
OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTIVITY 2.
DO NOT WRITE ON THE PAPER
DO THE WORK IN YOUR JOURNALS
TITLE THE PAGE: QUANTIFYING BIODIVERSITY
Spider Diversity using both Shannon and Simpson Indices