Transcript Science 7 final exam study guide

Science 7 final exam study guide
13. Define atmosphere (p90): a thin layer of air
that forms a protective covering around the
planet
14. List the mixture of gases in Earth’s
atmosphere:
Nitrogen % = 78
Oxygen % = 21
Other gases % = 1
15. Draw the diagram of the layers of the Earth’s
atmosphere (p92).
Exosphere = cold = outer space
thermosphere = warm =
mesosphere = cold =
stratosphere = warm
OZONE LAYER
troposphere = cold = the air we breathe
16. Where is air pressure greater (p94)? Ground level
(troposphere) , molecules are condensed
17. Does temperature increases or decrease with
altitude in the mesosphere (p95)? decrease
18. Define ozone layer and explain why it is important
to earth (p96). SKIP
19. What is CFC’s? SKIP
20. Why does the Equator receive more direct
sunlight than the poles (p103)? Earth’s tilt is on
its axis.
The solar energy is spread over a large area
starting from the south pole to the equator.
23. warm air is ___ dense than cool air (p107).
less
24. Differences in ___ and pressure cause air
movement and wind (p107). Density
Define (back page)
radiation= transfer of energy (E) in the form of
rays
conduction= transfer of E that occurs when
molecules bump each other
convection= transfer of heat by the flow of a
heated material
condensation= change from gas to liquid
evaporation= change from liquid to gas
precipitation= droplets combine and falls out of
cloud.
CIRRUS = feathery clouds associated with fair
weather
STRATUS = puffy white clouds
clouds may cause deforestation
three different height categories for clouds
28. Define weather (p118): the interaction between
air, water and sun causes weather
29. How does air temperature cause wind (p119)?
Wind is caused by air moving from areas of high
pressure (cool, dense air) to areas of low pressure
(warm, rising air).
31. Describe how clouds form (p122). Draw a picture.
Formed by water droplets suspended in air.
32. What are the four main types of precipitation
(p124)?
R
Sleet = raindrops pass through a layer of freezing air
Snow = when the air temperature is below freezing
Hail = can break windows and destroy crops
33. Define air mass (p126). A large body of air that is
similar to the Earth’s surface.
34. What kind of air mass would you expect coming
out of the following areas:
Gulf of Mexico= maritime and tropical
central Canada= polar and continental
Pacific Northwest (off Pacific Ocean)= polar and
maritime
Mexico= continental and tropical
MARITIME = moist air over water
CONTINENTAL = dry air over land
POLAR = cold air
TROPICAL = warm air
Define, draw and label 4 types of fronts = p127 to 128
cold front = when cold air advances toward warm air,
[draw blue triangles]
warm front = when warm air advances over heavier
cold air, [draw red semi-circles]
occluded front = cold air forces warm air upward,
[draw purple semi-circles and triangles on the same
line]
stationary front = neither cold nor warm air advances,
[draw red semi-circles alternating with blue triangles]
Describe the following (p131 to 133)
thunderstorm = heavy rainfalls, lightning, thunder
occurs in warm, moist air mass. Most powerful storm.
hurricane = travels east to west.
tornado = violent, rotating column of air on the
ground
blizzard = the winds are 56 km/h, low temp, and
snow for 3 hrs
warning= when severe weather conditions already
exist
skip 37, 38, 39
Part 3: forces & motion
define (p684-689) = equation
displacement is the distance and direction between
starting and ending positions = no equation
speed = distance (m)/ time (s)
velocity = displacement (m)/ time (s)
acceleration = (final speed – initial speed)/ t
m /s2
Solve
41. Mr. Mayo takes 15 seconds to run the 100 meter
dash. What is his average speed?
Time= 15 s
speed= distance/time
distance= 100 m
?
=100m/15s
speed= ?
6.6 m/s
42. Ms. Jen travels 800 km to visit a friend and travels
at an average speed of 40 km/hr. How long does her
trip take?
Distance = 800 km
speed= distance/time
speed= 40km/hr
time=?
43. Mr. Zetlin goes from a speed of 0 m/s to 10
m/s on his skateboard in 5 seconds. What is his
acceleration?
Time = 5 s
a= (final spd - init spd)/t
initial speed = 0 m/s a= (10-0m/s)/ 5s
final speed = 10 m/s a= 2m/s2
acceleration=?
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion (p690-705)
1st Law of Motion = an object at rest stays at rest
with a constant speed and in a straight line
2nd Law of Motion = for every action there is an
opposite and equal reaction
45. What is inertia (p692)? The more mass an
object has, the more resistance it has, to change
the motion.
46. The more ___ an object has, the more
inertia is has (p692). mass
47. A force is a ___ or a ___ (p693). Push , pull
48. A ___ force is a force exerted when two
objects are touching each other (p693). contact
49. ___ and ___ forces are examples of long
range forces. Gravity, electrical
50. ___ forces will cause a change in motion
(p693). unbalanced
51. Write the formula for acceleration according to
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion (p694).
Force (Newton) = mass (kg) X acceleration (m/s2)
Rearrange the formula to use for finding F (p695). a=
F/mass, mass= Force/a
52. What is the force of Mr. Mayo’s 60kg toy truck
when it has an acceleration of 4 m/s2?
A= 4m/s2
force = mXa
mass= 60kg
force= ?
53. Ms. Jen moves a 25kg rock out of her way
while climbing. The rock has a acceleration of 3
m/s2 , what is the force she used to move the
rock?
54. Define gravitational force (p696): it is the pull of
an object towards the center of the Earth
definition = an amount of matter in an object = mass
plus gravity
unit = kg = Newton
change w gravity = no = yes
instrument to measure = triple beam balance = spring
scale
55. What is friction …(p697-699)? Force that opposes
motion, causes heat and slows down an object
56. Why is it necessary for tires to have grooves or
tread in them?
57. Why do you feel the Earth’s gravitational force,
but not the gravitational force of someone sitting
next to you? The more mass, the greater gravity. The
closer the distance, the greater the gravity
58. Carbon dioxide ___ as we use more from fossil
fuels and global ___ (p730). increases, warming
59. Earth can be ___ by the greenhouse effect
however ___ gas increases the greenhouse
effect (p163). warmed, carbon dioxide
60. Define fog (p123). Air condenses to the
ground.
61. Define smog = it is a type of pollution that
combines smoke and ___. fog
62. The four inner planets are __ (p195).
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
63. Mercury is the ___ planet to the Sun (p196).
closest
64. Venus is called our sister planet because it
looks like the planet ___ (p196). Earth
65. Mars has the largest ___ in our solar system
(p196). volcanoes
66. A meteor is a ___ that enters Earth’s
atmosphere (p196). Meteoroid
67. Comets are made of ___(p200).
rocks and icy particles
68. Asteroids are ___ that are located between
planets ___ (p200). Rocks, Mars and Jupiter
68. Define solstice (p182). The sun’s rays are
north and south of the equator.
69. Define equinox (p183). The length of day
equals the length of night.
70. The equator receives ___ of the sun’s rays.
The Earth’s ___ does not change much (p183).
most, temperature
71. The north and south pole has the ___
amount of sun’s rays during the solstices (p182).
least
72. If the sun is above the equator, which season
is the north pole? This also gives the north pole
during this season 24 hrs of sunlight (p183).
summer
73. The three land features of the moon are ___
(p184). craters, maria, and highlands
74. Define lunar eclipse (p190). When the moon
is in the Earth’s shadow.
75. Earth is a ___ shape (p179) with a ___
shadow (p180). spherical, curved
76. Earth ___ 24 hrs in a day (p180). rotates
77. Define AU (p194). An Astronomical Unit; it is
the distance between Earth and the Sun
78. Define biotic. living or once living
biotic examples: tiger, leather shoes, wooden
ruler, cotton
79. Define abiotic. non living
abiotic examples: plastic ruler, ceramic mug
80. Energy is neither created or destroyed but
recycled
81. The water cycle has no beginning or ending
82. Opposable thumb can grab and reach for
things.
83. Hominids = first humanlike primates
84. earliest hominids are Australopithecus
85. humans are called homo sapiens sapiens