Transcript 3rd_9_weeks_(Hydrology-Oceanography-Weather-Climate)

What is the
distribution of
Earth’s water from
greatest to least?
Salt water,
then frozen ice,
groundwater,
surface water,
water vapor
Draw and label the
Water Cycle.
Is Earth’s water
steadily increasing,
decreasing, or
staying in balance?
Earth’s water stays in
balance
Why does Earth’s
water stay in
balance?
The rate of
evaporation is equal
to rate of
precipitation.
What process takes
place when liquid water
absorbs enough energy
to change into water
vapor?
Evaporation
What process
happens when water
vapor cools and
changes to liquid
water?
Condensation
What is the process
where four forms of
water fall from
clouds to Earth’s
surface?
Precipitation
Why does the ocean’s
salinity stay about
the same?
Fresh water enters the
ocean (ex. from rivers and
rain); but water also
evaporates from the
ocean, leaving the salt
behind.
As you descend in the
ocean, through the water
column, how do the
conditions change?
(include temperature,
light, pressure, and
density)
Temperature and
light decrease;
pressure and density
increase
List the features of
the ocean floor from
shore to the deep
ocean.
First, continental shelf,
continental slope,
abyssal plain
Then possibly
seamounts and volcanic
islands, midocean
ridge, trenches
What causes waves?
Wind
What causes surface
currents?
Wind
What causes deep
ocean currents?
Caused by
differences in density
and the Coriolis
effect
How do surface
currents (ex. Gulf
Stream, California
Current, EAC) affect
coastal climates?
Surface currents warm
or cool the air above
affecting temperatures
and the climate of
nearby places.
What causes tides?
Caused by the
interaction of the
Earth, moon, and sun
(gravity).
What is high tide and
low tide? About how
often does each
occur?
High tide is when water
reaches its highest point;
low tide is when water
reaches its lowest point.
High tides occur about
every 12 hours; low tides
occur about every 12 hours.
Draw a Spring Tide.
Spring tides: full moon
and new moon phases
(all in a straight line);
sun-Earth-moon and
sun-moon-Earth
Draw a Neap tide.
Neap tides:
st
1
rd
3
quarter and
quarter phases (lined
up at 90 degree
angles)
What are the gases
and percentages that
make up air?
Nitrogen 78%,
Oxygen 21%,
 other 1%
As altitude increases,
air pressure
____________ and air
density ____________.
Decreases, decreases
What causes local
winds?
Caused by the
unequal heating of
Earth’s surface
Draw and label a sea
breeze.
Sea breeze – daytime
– air moves from sea
to land
What causes a land
breeze?
Land breeze – at
night – cold air moves
from land to replace
warm air at sea
What causes land
and sea breezes?
Caused by
differences in
pressure, due to
unequal heating of
land vs. water
What causes global
winds?
Global winds are caused by
unequal heating because
of the angle of the sunlight
hitting the Earth (more
direct at the equator, more
spread out at the poles)
Why do Global winds
curve?
Curve due to the
Coriolis effect
(Earth’s rotation)
What heats and cools
faster (land or
water)?
Land
How do clouds form?
Warm moist air rises
until it cools (reaches
the dew point) and
condenses.
Explain the three
major types of
clouds.
Cumulus: fluffy, puffy
Stratus: low, layered, gray
Cirrus: feathery, wispy
What type of clouds
produce
thunderstorms?
Thunderstorms form
from cumulonimbus
clouds.
What is humidity?
Humidity: a measure
of how much water
vapor is in the air
What is relative
humidity?
Relative humidity: the percent
of water vapor in the air
compared to the maximum
amount the air can hold. Ex.
air with 100% relative humidity
is completely saturated, which
will result in rain.
On a cold day, when
you “see” your
breath, which part of
the water cycle are
you demonstrating?
Condensation
(your own cloud
formation)
What are the four
main types of air
masses that affect the
United States?
Describe each.
Maritime polar: humid, cold
Maritime tropical: humid,
warm
Continental polar: dry, cold
Continental tropical: dry,
warm
Explain the differences
in warm air vs. cold air
in terms of density,
pressure, and
humidity.
Cold air is more
dense, has higher
pressure, and is less
humid (warm air can
hold more moisture).
When a rapidly
moving cold air mass
runs into a slowly
moving warm air mass,
what type of front is
formed?
Cold front
What type of weather
is associated with a
cold front?
Cold front: cloudy
skies, heavy rain or
snow, possible violent
thunderstorms, abrupt
weather changes; clear
and cooler after.
What type of front
happens when a
moving warm air mass
collides with a slowly
moving cold air mass?
Warm front
What type of weather
is associated with a
warm front?
Warm front: clouds and
rain (snow in winter),
possibly for several day;
humid and warmer
after.
Sometimes cold and
warm air masses meet,
but neither one has
enough force to move the
other. What type of front
is this?
Stationary front
What type of weather
is associated with a
stationary front?
Stationary front:
clouds, rain, snow, or
fog; can be stalled for
many days.
What type of front is
created when a warm
air mass is caught
between two cooler air
masses?
Occluded front
What type of weather
is associated with an
occluded front?
Occluded front:
cloudy, possibly rainy
or snowy; cooler
temperatures.
What does this
symbol represent?
Occluded front
What does this
symbol represent?
Cold front
What does this
symbol represent?
Stationary front
What does this
symbol represent?
Warm front
What is an isobar?
Isobars are lines
joining places with
the same air
pressure.
What are isotherms?
Isotherms are lines
joining places with
the same
temperature.
What causes
hurricanes?
Begins over water, as a
low-pressure area; gains
strength from the warm,
moist air evaporating
from the ocean.
How do hurricanes
become weaker?
A hurricane weakens
as it moves across
land or cold water.
In general, what direction
does weather move across
the United States? How
does this help with
weather prediction?
Fronts tend to move from
the west to the east.
We can predict what’s
coming in a day or 2 by
looking to the west.
List the weather
instruments used to
measure: temperature,
air pressure, wind
direction, and wind
speed.
Temperature: thermometer
Air pressure: barometer
Wind direction: wind vane
(also called weather vane)
Wind speed: anemometer
What are the two
factors that
determine climate?
Temperature and
precipitation
How do weather and
climate differ?
Climate is the conditions
over a long period (year
after year); weather is the
daily conditions at a
particular time and place