Transcript Sustaining Biodiversity File

Sustaining Wild Species
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 22
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Key Concepts
Human effects on biodiversity
Importance of biodiversity
How human activities affect wildlife
Management of wildlife
Human Impacts on Biodiversity
Fig. 22-2 p. 561
Increasing Biodiversity
Physically diverse habitat
Moderate environmental disturbance
Small variations in conditions
Middle stages of ecological succession
Biodiversity Hot
Spots In the USA
2
4
3
5
Top Six Hot Spots
6
1 Hawaii
2 San Francisco Bay area
3 Southern Appalachians
4 Death Valley
5 Southern California
6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
1
Low
Moderate
High
Decreasing Biodiversity
Environmental stress
Large environmental disturbance
Extreme environmental conditions
Severe limiting factors
Introduction of alien species
Geographic isolation
US Diversity
Fig. 22-3 p. 562
Strategies for
Protecting
Biodiversity
Species approach
Ecosystem
approach
Fig. 22-5 p. 563
Biome
% of Area Disturbed
Temperate broadleaf forests
94%
Temperate evergreen forests
94%
Temperate grasslands
72%
Mixed mountain systems
71%
Tropical dry forests
70%
Subtropical and temperate
rain forests
67%
Cold deserts and semideserts
55%
Mixed island systems
53%
Warm deserts and
semideserts
44%
Tropical humid forests
37%
Tropical grasslands
26%
Temperate boreal forests
Tundra
18%
0.7%
Habitat
Disturbance
by biome
Arctic Circle
60°
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
30°N
Tropic of Cancer
Pacific
Ocean
0°
150°
120°
90°
Tropic of Capricorn
ASIA
Atlantic
Ocean
AFRICA
30°W
SOUTH
AMERICA
0°
Pacific
Ocean
60°E
90°
150°
Indian
AUSTRALIA
Ocean
30°S
Antarctic Circle
60°
ANTARCTICA
Critical and endangered
Projected Status of Biodiversity
1998–2018
Threatened
Stable or intact
Species Extinction
Local extinction-
When a species is no longer
found in the area it once inhabited but is still found
elsewhere in the world.
Ecological extinction- When so few members
of a species are left that it can no longer play its
ecological role in the community.
Biological extinction- when a species is no
longer found anywhere on earth. This is forever.
Passenger
pigeon
Great auk
Dodo
Dusky seaside
sparrow
Aepyornis
(Madagascar)
Endangered and Threatened Species
Endangered species-in danger of
becoming
extinct because so few are left for health gene pool.
Threatened (vulnerable) species- a
species with declining numbers in the wild. This can
make a species become endangered of going extinct.
Florida
manatee
Northern spotted
owl (threatened)
Gray wolf
Florida panther
© 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Bannerman's
turaco (Africa)
Figure 22-15
Page 574
Cerulean warbler
Florida scrub jay
Sprague’s pipit
Bichnell’s thrush
California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler
Blacked-capped vireo
Golden-cheeked
warbler
Henslow’s sparrow
Bachman’s warbler
Threatened USA Songbirds
Figure 22-7 (1)
Page 564
Florida
manatee
Northern spotted
owl (threatened)
Gray wolf
Florida panther
Devil's hole
pupfish
Snow leopard
(Central Asia)
Symphonia
(Madagascar)
Black-footed
ferret
Ghost bat
(Australia)
California
condor
Black lace
cactus
Black rhinoceros
(Africa)
Bannerman's
turaco (Africa)
Utah prairie dog
(threatened)
Oahu tree
snail
Figure 22-7 (2)
Page 565
Grizzly bear
(threatened)
Kirtland's
warbler
White top
pitcher plant
Arabian oryx
(Middle East)
African elephant
(Africa)
Mojave desert
tortoise
(threatened)
Swallowtail
butterfly
Humpback
chub
Golden lion
tamarin
(Brazil)
Siberian tiger
(Siberia)
Figure 22-7 (3)
Page 565
West Virginia
Giant panda
spring salamander (China)
Mountain gorilla
(Africa)
Pine barrens
tree frog
(male)
Whooping
crane
Knowlton
cactus
Swamp
pink
Hawksbill sea
turtle
Blue whale
El Segundo blue
butterfly
Figure 22-17 (1)
Page 576
Purple looselife
European starling
African honeybee
(“Killer bee”)
Marine toad
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetle
Nutria
Salt cedar
(Tamarisk)
Hydrilla
European wild boar
(Feral pig)
Figure 22-17 (2)
Page 576
Sea lamprey
(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant
Brown tree snake
Eurasian muffle
Common pigeon
(Rock dove)
Formosan termite
Zebra mussel
Asian long-horned
beetle
Asian tiger mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
Extinction Risks
Factors: population size, habitat, and
genetics
Population viability analysis
Minimum viable population
Minimum dynamic area
Characteristics of extinction-prone
species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)
Extinction Rates
Background (natural) rate of extinction
Mass
extinction
Adaptive
radiations
Why Should We Care About
Biodiversity?
Instrumental value
Intrinsic value
See Spotlight p. 571
Fig. 22-10p. 569
Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia sepentina,
Southeast Asia
Tranquilizer, high
blood pressure
medication
Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea,
Europe
Digitalis for heart failure
Pacific yew
Taxus brevifolia,
Pacific Northwest
Ovarian cancer
Cinchona
Cinchona ledogeriana,
South America
Quinine for malaria treatment
Rosy periwinkle
Cathranthus roseus,
Madagascar
Hodgkin's disease,
lymphocytic leukemia
Neem tree
Azadirachta indica,
India
Treatment of many
diseases,
insecticide,
spermicide
Causes of Depletion of Wild Species
Human population growth
Failure to value the environment or
ecological services
Increasing per capita resource use
Increasing use of Earth’s primary
productivity
Poverty
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate
(K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda,
rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda,
Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species,
elephant seal, desert pupfish
Feeds at high trophic
level
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,
grizzly bear
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane,
sea turtles
Rare
Many island species,
African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly
bear, Florida panther
Traits of
species that
are prone
to
extinction
Causes of Premature Extinction of
Wild Species
Habitat
degradation
Introduction
of non-native
species
Fig. 22-12
p. 572
Biome
% of Area Disturbed
Temperate broadleaf forests
94%
Temperate evergreen forests
94%
Temperate grasslands
72%
Mixed mountain systems
71%
Tropical dry forests
70%
Subtropical and temperate
rain forests
67%
Cold deserts and semideserts
55%
Mixed island systems
53%
Warm deserts and
semideserts
44%
Tropical humid forests
37%
Tropical grasslands
26%
Temperate boreal forests
Tundra
18%
0.7%
Habitat
Disturbance
by biome
Other Extinction Threats
Hunting and Poaching
Predators and Pest Control
Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants
Climate Change and Pollution
Range 100 years ago
Range today
(about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
Range in 1700
Range today
(about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
Former range
Range today
(34,000–54,000 left)
Asian or Indian Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today
(300,000 left)
African Elephant
Elephant killed for its Ivory
Animal Furs Confiscated during a Police Raid
Protecting Wild Species: The
Research and Legal Approaches
 Bioinformatics
 International Treaties: CITES
 National Laws: Lacey Act
Endangered Species Act
 Habitat conservation plans
Protecting Wild Species: The
Sanctuary Approach
 Wildlife refuges and protected areas
 Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms
 Zoos and Aquariums
Wildlife Management
Laws regulating hunting and fishing
Harvest quotas
Population management plants
Improving habitat
Treaties and laws for migrating species
Threats from Nonnative Species
Arrival
Roles of nonnative species
Examples
(p. 576)
See Connections
p. 577 and
Case Study p. 579
Fig. 22-19 p. 579
Type of Nonnative Organism
Crop disease
Annual Losses and Damages
$23.5 billion
Crop weeds
$23.4 billion
Rats
$19 billion
Feral cats and outdoor pet cats
$17 billion
Crop insects
Livestock diseases
Forest insects and diseases
$14 billion
$9 billion
$4.8 billion
Zebra mussels
$3 billion
Common pigeon
$1.1 billion
Formosan termite
$1.1 billion
Fishes
$1.1 billion
Asian clam
$1.1 billion
Feral pigs
$0.8 billion
Starlings
$0.8 billion
Fire ant
$0.6 billion
Nonnative
species
damages
Kudzu Vine
Introduction
: Alien
species
used to
prevent
erosion.
Figure 22-18
Page 578
Expansion of the fire
ant in southern states.
1918
Fire Ant
Expansion
2000
Characteristics of
Successful
Invader Species
Characteristics of
Ecosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• High reproductive rate,
short generation time
(r-selected species)
• Similar climate to habitat of
invader
• Pioneer species
• Absence of predators on
invading species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growthinhibiting chemicals into
soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
• Early successional species
• Low diversity of native
species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human
activities