Transcript Ch 22 Clicker Questions

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE
22
The Origin
of Species
Questions prepared by
Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast
James Langeland, Kalamazoo College
Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans
Roberta Batorsky, Temple University
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
SECOND EDITION
Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in
Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically
distinct populations, located at the north and south ends
of the island. How can scientists determine whether these
populations are now different species, according to the
biological species concept?
A. See whether the two populations are morphologically
different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and
so on.
B. Determine whether captured individuals from the two
different populations will mate and produce offspring in a
laboratory fish tank.
C. Determine whether individuals from one population
will interbreed with individuals from the other population
when introduced into each other’s native habitats.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in
Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically
distinct populations, located at the north and south ends
of the island. How can scientists determine whether these
populations are now different species, according to the
biological species concept?
A. See whether the two populations are morphologically
different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and
so on.
B. Determine whether captured individuals from the two
different populations will mate and produce offspring in a
laboratory fish tank.
C. Determine whether individuals from one population
will interbreed with individuals from the other
population when introduced into each other’s native
habitats.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have diversified
from a relatively few species to 600 species in about
12,000 years (the last time the lake dried up). What is the
best way to test this hypothesis?
A. Examine the fossil record in lake sediments.
B. Look for morphological characteristics shared among
Lake Victoria species that are distinct from the species
present in other lakes.
C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake
Victoria species that are distinct from species present
in other lakes.
D. This is not a testable hypothesis.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have diversified
from a relatively few species to 600 species in about
12,000 years (the last time the lake dried up). What is the
best way to test this hypothesis?
A. Examine the fossil record in lake sediments.
B. Look for morphological characteristics shared among
Lake Victoria species that are distinct from the species
present in other lakes.
C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among
Lake Victoria species that are distinct from species
present in other lakes.
D. This is not a testable hypothesis.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to
find examples of ongoing speciation?
A. areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as
mountains and deep valleys
B. areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of
animals
C. extreme physical environments that are marginal for
supporting life
D. areas that are already species-rich
E. areas that have undergone recent environmental
disturbance or change
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to
find examples of ongoing speciation?
A. areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as
mountains and deep valleys
B. areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of
animals
C. extreme physical environments that are marginal for
supporting life
D. areas that are already species-rich
E. areas that have undergone recent environmental
disturbance or change
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their
gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these
reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting
sea urchins?
A. behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation
B. gametic isolation or temporal isolation
C. habitat isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their
gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these
reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting
sea urchins?
A. behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation
B. gametic isolation or temporal isolation
C. habitat isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the ocean
and note how similar it looks to a snake that lives in
central Illinois. However, you know that they are most
likely separate species due to which of the following
reproductive barriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
ecological/habitat isolation
temporal isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the ocean
and note how similar it looks to a snake that lives in
central Illinois. However, you know that they are most
likely separate species due to which of the following
reproductive barriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
ecological/habitat isolation
temporal isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar
cactus flowers every 50 years. If the 50-year-cactus pollen
has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century
cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be
working against that possibility?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
ecological/habitat isolation
temporal isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar
cactus flowers every 50 years. If the 50-year-cactus pollen
has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century
cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be
working against that possibility?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
ecological/habitat isolation
temporal isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Several species of amphibians are able to read and
understand each other’s mating rituals, tend to be fertile
at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However,
when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring.
Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of
this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Several species of amphibians are able to read and
understand each other’s mating rituals, tend to be fertile
at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However,
when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring.
Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of
this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behavioral isolation
gametic isolation
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The fossil record shows that species remain constant for
long periods of time, but then speciation episodes occur
rapidly. This is indicative of
A.
B.
C.
D.
gradualism.
punctuated equilibrium.
allopatric speciation.
sympatric speciation.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The fossil record shows that species remain constant for
long periods of time, but then speciation episodes occur
rapidly. This is indicative of
A.
B.
C.
D.
gradualism.
punctuated equilibrium.
allopatric speciation.
sympatric speciation.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
When differentiating between two species of fish, you
notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on
floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders.
This is using the
A. morphological species concept.
B. ecological species concept.
C. phylogenetic species concept.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
When differentiating between two species of fish, you
notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on
floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders.
This is using the
A. morphological species concept.
B. ecological species concept.
C. phylogenetic species concept.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is speciation a conceptual “bridge” between
microevolution and macroevolution?
A. Speciation can be directly observed, whereas
microevolution and macroevolution cannot.
B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to
patterns of evolution above the species level.
C. Speciation leads to the tremendous diversity of life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why is speciation a conceptual “bridge” between
microevolution and macroevolution?
A. Speciation can be directly observed, whereas
microevolution and macroevolution cannot.
B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to
patterns of evolution above the species level.
C. Speciation leads to the tremendous diversity of life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which aspect of population genetics is fundamental to the
biological species concept?
A.
B.
C.
D.
mutation
selection
gene flow
genetic drift
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which aspect of population genetics is fundamental to the
biological species concept?
A.
B.
C.
D.
mutation
selection
gene flow
genetic drift
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The most common means of identifying bacterial species
is to use DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Which
species concept is implicit in this approach?
A.
B.
C.
D.
biological species concept
morphological species concept
ecological species concept
phylogenetic species concept
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The most common means of identifying bacterial species
is to use DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Which
species concept is implicit in this approach?
A.
B.
C.
D.
biological species concept
morphological species concept
ecological species concept
phylogenetic species concept
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In a long-term evolution experiment using Escherichia
coli, Richard Lenski and colleagues discovered a new
strain that can use citrate as an energy source, whereas
wild-type E. coli cannot. Some have claimed that this
strain could be considered a new species. Such a claim
would be based on what species concept?
A.
B.
C.
D.
biological species concept
morphological species concept
ecological species concept
phylogenetic species concept
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In a long-term evolution experiment using Escherichia
coli, Richard Lenski and colleagues discovered a new
strain that can use citrate as an energy source, whereas
wild-type E. coli cannot. Some have claimed that this
strain could be considered a new species. Such a claim
would be based on what species concept?
A.
B.
C.
D.
biological species concept
morphological species concept
ecological species concept
phylogenetic species concept
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enallagma ebrium and E. hageni are sister species of
damselflies that occupy the same habitats. Males of each
species will readily attempt to mate with the “wrong”
females; however, incompatibility in secondary genital
structures prevents interspecies hybridization. This is an
example of what type of reproductive barrier?
A.
B.
C.
D.
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enallagma ebrium and E. hageni are sister species of
damselflies that occupy the same habitats. Males of each
species will readily attempt to mate with the “wrong”
females; however, incompatibility in secondary genital
structures prevents interspecies hybridization. This is an
example of what type of reproductive barrier?
A.
B.
C.
D.
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ligers are the offspring of male lions and female tigers.
Most ligers die in utero or shortly after birth. Those that
do survive are often sterile. Occasionally, ligers can
produce live offspring, but those offspring are of poor
health. How would you describe these facts in terms of
reproductive barriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
gametic isolation
reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ligers are the offspring of male lions and female tigers.
Most ligers die in utero or shortly after birth. Those that
do survive are often sterile. Occasionally, ligers can
produce live offspring, but those offspring are of poor
health. How would you describe these facts in terms of
reproductive barriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
gametic isolation
reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following phenomena could facilitate
allopatric speciation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
founder effect
gene flow
allopolyploidy
hybrid zone
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following phenomena could facilitate
allopatric speciation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
founder effect
gene flow
allopolyploidy
hybrid zone
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The marsh grass Spartina anglica is an allotetraploid
species that originated in southern England around 1870.
Its “parent” species are the European Spartina maritima,
with a 2n = 60 karyotype, and the American Spartina
alterniflora, with a 2n = 62 karyotype. How many
chromosomes should Spartina anglica have?
A.
B.
C.
D.
either 30 or 31
61
122
244
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The marsh grass Spartina anglica is an allotetraploid
species that originated in southern England around 1870.
Its “parent” species are the European Spartina maritima,
with a 2n = 60 karyotype, and the American Spartina
alterniflora, with a 2n = 62 karyotype. How many
chromosomes should Spartina anglica have?
A.
B.
C.
D.
either 30 or 31
61
122
244
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.