Transcript A_CoML IOI-CoML-2015

David Shale
Highlights
of a
Decade of Discovery
Jim Toomey
24/69 slides provided by Ron O’Dor plus briefings on …
Internet
Google Earth
Origins – Convention on Biological Diversity
1995
Census of Marine Life
A global network of researchers
engaged in an international collaborative
initiative to assess and explain the
diversity, distribution, and abundance
of marine life in the oceans - past, present,
and future - and to identify the current
limits to knowledge - what is
known, unknown and unknowable.
The First Census: 2000-2010
Mission Statement
Why a Transparent Ocean? Technology!
joins IODE, IOC’s physiochemical database
to create a Planet Ocean “macroscope”
Reuse Data!
The Macroscope, Joël de Rosnay, 1979
Census Vital Statistics
• Decade 2000 – 2010
• US$650 million
• 2,700+ scientists
• 24 worldwide media
• 80+ countries
releases to:
• 538 field expeditions
• 1,000+ media outlets
• 2,600+ publications
• 50+ languages
• 1,200+ new species
• 5,000+ undescribed
How
Did
It
Work
?
Ernest from
Sherman’s
Lagoon
Census of Marine Life Global Community
Jim
Toomey
Ernest
joins the
Census
17 Projects in Space & Time
Biodiversity in Space
30 marine biomes with distinctive fauna & flora
Mark J. Costello
10 times more deep ocean.
Many unique habitats. Connectivity?
Biodiversity by Code
DNA Barcodes Accelerate Identification
and Detection of New Species (Guelph U)
How
Was
Data
Collected
?
Oceans Past
To improve our understanding of
historical ecosystem change and
the role of man in these changes.
1957
A map of HMAP
case studies.
2007
Photos of 13 groups of "trophy" reef fish landed
by Key West-area sport fishermen between 1956
and 2007 to reveal that average fish size shrank
from an estimated 20 kg to 2.3 kg.
Image: Monroe County Library.
Simple Standard Protocol
to 10m Depth (IPBES)
Developing Technology
 DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a
selected barcode gene – most usually the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI)
gene – for each of the 7,000 described species
of zooplankton.
 Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ and
ICOMM are pioneering metagenomic analysis
(i.e., the study of genomes recovered from
environmental samples) of all metazoans
collected by plankton nets.
 DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database
will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with
recognition sequences for known species to
be used for routine sample analysis and –
eventually – autonomous and remote analysis
of zooplankton species diversity.
Continental Shelves Play Key Roles in
the Life Histories of Most Marine Species
Acoustic Tracking
20g+
Note: These fish
don’t have passports
1 year
10 years
What
Did
We
Learn
?
What we now know
• About 250,000 marine species described, out of
a probable 1,000,000+
• Half are crustaceans, molluscs and fish
• Proportions of taxa vary geographically,
so cannot easily extrapolate between regions
Crustacean
Mollusc
Fish
Recent Discoveries
Fucus radicans
Pereyra et al. 2009.
Baltic endemic seaweed.
Photo: Lena Bergstrom,
Swedish Board of
Fisheries
Hydatinidae gen. sp. (red-lined
paper bubble snail) new
species discovered on a sperm
whale carcass in the deep sea.
Elpidia belyaevi, a new species
of sea cucumber from the Arctic
deep sea.
Photo Credit: Yoshihiro
Fujiwara JAMSTEC
Photo: Antonina Rogacheva,
Shirshov Institute of
Oceanology, Moscow
Richest (in species)
• Highest species endemicity
(uniqueness):
– Australia & Japan
• Most species:
>32,000
– China >22,000
– Indo-West Pacific ?
– New Zealand, Antarctica,
Australia and South Africa
– 48% New Zealand and Antarctic
– 28% Australia & South Africa
~ 22% South America
Endemic Mediterranean sea-slug.
Peltodoris atromaculata
Photo: Marta Coll
Global Threats to Biodiversity
Top 3
• Overfishing
Atlantic Dawn
350 MT/d
• Habitat loss
China Sea
Trawling
• Pollution
Gulf
Oil Spill
Others
• Alien species, changing temperature,
oxygen depletion, acidification
Alien Species
Most alien species in Mediterranean (Suez Canal effect)
– Followed by rest of Europe, New Zealand, Australia
Seaweeds Codium & Caulerpa.
Photo: Enrique Ballesteros, Mario Cormaci
Round goby
Chinese mitten crab.
Photos: Estonian Marine
Institute.
Comb jelly. Photo: Ahmed Kideys
Bubble-gum Coral
Rost Reef, Norway
40 km long
High solubility
at low temperature
means poles go first
Kerby & Hall-Spencer
Catalyst 2007
What Else?
Explore!
70% of the planet surface is ocean
60% is deep-sea
100,000’s
species
undiscovered
Under-water,
Under-explored,
Under-discovered
Internet
http://www.coml.org
http://www.comlmaps.org
Google Earth
Story menu
Follow a story
http://comlmaps.org/census-on-google-earth