Transcript Ecosystems - Cobb Learning

Ecosystems
a community of living organisms in
conjunction with the non-living components
of their environment (things like air, water,
and soil), interacting as a system
Weather
• Day to day conditions in a particular time &
place
Climate
• Average conditions of temperature and
precipitation in a region
Effect of Latitude on Climate
Effect of Latitude on Climate
Effect of Latitude on Climate
• Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones
Effect of Latitude on Climate
Effect of Latitude on Climate
• Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones
Greenhouse Effect
• Natural situation in which heat is retained
by layer of greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 ,
H2O vapor)
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents
(AKA winds)
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents
(AKA winds)
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents
(AKA winds)
Prevailing Winds
• blow predominantly from a single general
direction over a particular point on the
Earth's surface
Land Masses
• Can interfere or affect wind patterns
Ocean Currents
Biotic vs. Abiotic
affects on an Ecosystem
• Biotic: biological influences on organisms in
an ecosystem
• Abiotic: Physical (non-living) factors that
shape ecosystem (temperature,
precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight)
• Both determine survival & growth of
organisms AND productivity of the
ecosystem where the organisms live
Habitat
• Area where an organism lives
Habitat
Niche
• Niche: the unique role an organism plays in
a community, its “job” , unique to individual
Niche
• Organism’s “occupation”
Niche
Community Interactions
• Competition: same or different species try
to use resource at same place or time
• Resource: any necessity (water, nutrients,
light, food, space)
Competition Exclusion Principle
• Two species cannot occupy same niche in
same habitat at same time
• One will “win” (survive); the other will not
Predation
• One organisms captures/eats another
• Predator/Prey
Symbiosis
• Two species living closely together
Commensalism
• One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
• Clownfish (protected, eat “leftovers” &
Anemones)
Commensalism
• One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
• Elephants & Birds (eat bugs the elephants
disturb, are led to water)
Commensalism
• One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
• Barnacles (filter feeders) & Whales
Commensalism
Mutualism
• Both species benefit (crocodile: food stuck
in teeth , bird: eats the food…cleaning teeth
and preventing infections)
Mutualism
• Both species benefits (pollen & nectar =
food)
Mutualism
• Both species benefit (pollination/food)
Mutualism
• Clownfish (scares away butterfly fish that
eat anemones/waste provides food source)
• Anemone (provide protection)
Mutualism
Parasitism
• One lives in/on another and benefits BUT
harms the host
• Tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice
Parasitism
Pop Quiz
• Hermit crabs live in shells made and then
abandoned by snails
• Cuckoo birds lay eggs in a warbler’s nest.
The cuckoo’s young displace the warbler’s
young and will be raised by the warbler
• Certain ants live in the thorny acacia trees,
feeding on their sap & raising their young in
the hollow thorns, also repelling harmful
insects and biting off competing vines
Ecological Succession
• Predictable changes that occur in a
community over time
Primary Succession
• Occurs on surface where no soil exists
• After lava cools (post volcano eruption)
Primary Succession
• Occurs on surface where no soil exists
• Post glacier melting/receding
Primary Succession
• Barren surface
• Pioneer species = 1st species to populate
Lichens
• Break down rock
• Often fungus with alga or bacteria living
symbiotically
Secondary Succession
• Land is clear, but soil remains
• Wild fire
Secondary Succession
• Land is clear, but soil remains
• Clear cut
Secondary Succession
• Land is clear, but soil remains
Climax Community
• Species best adapted to average conditions
in the area
Pioneer vs. Climax Community