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Chapter 8
Community Ecology:
Structure, Species
Interactions, Succession,
and Sustainability
Miller – Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Most Species Rich Environments
Tropical rainforests
Coral reefs
The deep sea
Large tropical lakes
Roles of Species in Ecosystems
native
non-native
indicator
keystone
Native and Non-native Species
Native species
Species that normally live and thrive in a
particular ecosystem
Non-native (exotic or alien) species
Species that migrate into an ecosystem or
are deliberately or accidentally introduced
into an ecosystem
Cane toads
Indicator Species
Species that serve as early warning of
damage to a community or an
ecosystem (most sensitive)
Birds
Fish
Amphibians
Indicators of thing like . . .
Adult frog
(3 years)
Tadpole
develops
Into frog
Young frog
sperm
Sexual
reproduction
Fertilized egg
development
Tadpole
Egg hatches
Eggs
Organ formation
Habitat loss
Drought
Pollution
UV radiation
Parasitism
Over-hunting
Diseases
Immigration or
introduction of
predators or
competitors
Keystone Species
Species that play roles affecting many other
organisms in an ecosystem
Strong interaction with other species affect health
and survival of species
Process material out of proportion to their numbers
or biomass
Pollination
Seed dispersion
Habitat modification
Predation by top carnivores
Recycling of plant and animal waste
Species Interactions
competition
predation
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism
Competition
Intraspecific competition – competition
between members of the same species
Gain a competitive advantage (Plants)
Chemical inhibitors
Seed dispersal
Territoriality (Animals)
Patrol or mark an area
Defend an area
Competition
Interspecific competition – competition
between members of two or more
different species
Abundant commonly used resources (food,
sunlight, water, soil nutrients, space, nesting
sites)
Fundamental niche
Limited resources
Overlap of fundamental niches
Competitive Exclusion Principle
The niches of two species cannot
overlap completely or significantly for
very long.
Number of individuals
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Resource Partitioning
Species 1
Species 2
Region
of
niche overlap
Number of individuals
Resource use
Niche Specialization
Species 1
Species 2
Resource use
Resource Partitioning
Each species minimizes
competition with the
others for food by
spending at least half its
feeding time in a distinct
portion of the spruce tree
and by consuming
somewhat different insect
species.
Predator – Prey Relationship
Predation – members of one species
(predator) feed directly on all or part of a
living organism of another species (prey).
Benefits from reducing prey population
Gives remaining prey greater access to
food supply
Can improve the genetic stocks of the
prey population
Predator Tactics
Pursuit
Cheetah
Eagle
Wolves
Ambush
Preying Mantis
Snowy Owls
Humans