Transcript Introduction - CCRI Faculty Web

Introductory Biology:
Cellular
Dr. Heather Townsend
Chapter 1
Biology…
What is it??
 What branches does it encompass?
 What exactly is cellular biology?
 What will we cover in this class?

Biology: The Study of Living Things
Living vs. non-living things
How similar?
 How different?
 How do you classify one or the other?

Characteristic of Life
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
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Organized /Order
Regulation
Growth and development
Energy utilization
Response to environment
Reproduction
Evolution
1. Order

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Complex, but ordered
organization
Living cells are the
basis for this
organizational
scheme
2. Living things are regulated

Homeostasis – “staying the same”
 Steady
state
 “Relatively” constant
 Physical and chemical conditions of the
environment inside the body are maintained
3. Living things grow and develop

Growth
 Increase
in the size
and number of cells

Development
 All
the changes that
occur between
conception and death
 Stages
4. Living things acquire materials and energy

Energy
 Capacity


to do work
Our cells and tissues
need energy
How do we acquire
energy?
4. Energy

Where does energy come from?
 solar
energy
captured “self-feeding” life forms
 producers
 Photosynthesis


Humans
 consumers

Decomposers
 Fungi,
bacteria
5. Living things respond to stimuli
Dependant on nervous and muscular
systems
 Plants track the passage of the sun
 Behavior

 Movement
of an organism in response to a
stimuli
 Directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring
food, and reproducing
6. Living things reproduce
Life comes from life!
 All life can reproduce

 make
another organism like itself
 Asexual reproduction
Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms
 split in two

 Sexual
reproduction
Most multicellular organisms
 union of sperm and egg

7. Living things are adapted

Adaptations
 Modifications
that make an organism suited to
life

Ex: Hawk’s hollow bones
 Come

The process by which a species changes through
time


about through evolution
Group of similar organisms that interbreed
Leads to the diversity of organisms
Life at its many levels….
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Atom
Molecule
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Atoms
 Smallest

particle that is still an element
Composed of subatomic particles:
 Electrons
 Protons
 Neutrons
Atomic Nucleus
Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Chemical level
 Atoms
combine to make molecules
 4 macromolecules in the body
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Cellular
 Cells
can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic
 Contain cellular organelles (molecules)

Structures within cells that perform dedicated
functions (“small organs”)
Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Tissue
 Collection
of cells that work together to
perform a specialized function
 4 basic types of tissue in the human body:
Epithelium
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organ
 Made
up of tissue
Heart
 Brain
 Liver
 Pancreas, etc……

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organ system (11)
 Made
up of a group of related organs that work
together
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organism
 An
individual human, animal, plant, etc……
 Made up of organ systems
 Work together to sustain life
Organization of the Biosphere

Population
 Each
organism is part of a
population

Community
 Populations
of different organisms
that interact with one another
 All species occupy that same area

Ecosystem
 Created
by communities that
interact with each other

Biosphere
 Refers
to all parts of Earth’s water,
crust, and atmosphere
Classification of living things

Taxonomy
 Identifying
and classifying organisms
according to specific criteria
 Each organism placed into a classification
system
 Provides clues into evolutionary trends
Taxonomy
Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 species

Domains

Archae
 Prokaryotes

Bacteria
 Prokaryotes

Eukarya
 Eukaryotes
Kingdoms

4 main kingdoms:
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
Scientific Names

Binomial (two name)
 Genus
name, species name
Examples:
 Homo sapiens
 Alligator mississippiensis
 Felis domesticus
The Process of Science

The word science is derived from a Latin verb
meaning “to know”
 Science

is a way of knowing
Discovery science
 Describing

nature
Hypothesis-driven science
 Explaining
nature
Science
Uses investigative methods to test
hypotheses based on previous observations
 Scientific method

1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and ask
questions about it
 2. Hypothesis
 3. Make predictions
 4. Test the predictions
 5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones
 6. Analyze and report the test results and conclusions

The Scientific Method
Why this course?!?!?

Examine concepts of biology
 Specifically
how it relates to cells
 Organismal Biology

Further examine these concepts in lab