Transcript Hierarchy of Structural Organization Organ

Biology in the
Modern World
Dr. Heather Townsend
Chapter 1
Biology: The Study of Living Things
Living vs. non-living things
How similar?
 How different?
 How do you classify one or the other?
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Characteristic of Life
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
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Organized /Order
Regulation
Growth and development
Energy utilization
Response to environment
Reproduction
Evolution
1. Order
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Complex, but ordered
organization
2. Living things are regulated
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Homeostasis – “staying the same”
 Steady
state
 “Relatively” constant
 Physical and chemical conditions of the
environment inside the body are maintained
3. Living things grow and develop
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Growth
 Increase
in the size
and number of cells
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Development
 All
the changes that
occur between
conception and death
 Stages
4. Living things acquire materials and energy
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Energy
 Capacity
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to do work
Our cells and tissues
need energy
How do we acquire
energy?
4. Energy
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Where does energy come from?
 solar
energy
captured “self-feeding” life forms
 producers
 Photosynthesis
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Humans
 consumers
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Decomposers
 Fungi,
bacteria
5. Living things respond to stimuli
Dependant on nervous and muscular
systems
 Plants track the passage of the sun
 Behavior
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 Movement
of an organism in response to a
stimuli
 Directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring
food, and reproducing
6. Living things reproduce
Life comes from life!
 All life can reproduce
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 make
another organism like itself
 Asexual reproduction
Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms
 split in two
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 Sexual
reproduction
Most multicellular organisms
 union of sperm and egg
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7. Living things are adapted
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Adaptations
 Modifications
that make an organism suited to
life
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Ex: Hawk’s hollow bones
 Come
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The process by which a species changes through
time

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about through evolution
Group of similar organisms that interbreed
Leads to the diversity of organisms
Life at its many levels….
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Atom
Molecule
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Atoms
 Smallest

particle that is still an element
Composed of subatomic particles:
 Electrons
 Protons
 Neutrons
Atomic Nucleus
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Chemical level
 Atoms
combine to make molecules
 4 macromolecules in the body
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Cellular
 Cells
can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic
 Contain cellular organelles (molecules)
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Structures within cells that perform dedicated
functions (“small organs”)
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Tissue
 Collection
of cells that work together to
perform a specialized function
 4 basic types of tissue in the human body:
Epithelium
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Organ
 Made
up of tissue
Heart
 Brain
 Liver
 Pancreas, etc……
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Organ system (11)
 Made
up of a group of related organs that work
together
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
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Organism
 An
individual human, animal, plant, etc……
 Made up of organ systems
 Work together to sustain life
Organization of the Biosphere
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Population
 Each
organism is part of a
population
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Community
 Populations
of different organisms
that interact with one another
 All species occupy that same area
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Ecosystem
 Created
by communities that
interact with each other
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Biosphere
 Refers
to all parts of Earth’s water,
crust, and atmosphere
Ecosystems
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Each organism
interacts continuously
with its environment
The dynamics of any
ecosystem depend on
two processes:
 Cycling
of nutrients
 Flow of energy
Classification of living things
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Taxonomy
 Identifying
and classifying organisms
according to specific criteria
 Each organism placed into a classification
system
Taxonomy
Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 species
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Domains
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Archae
 Prokaryotes
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Bacteria
 Prokaryotes
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Eukarya
 Eukaryotes
Kingdoms
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4 main kingdoms:
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
Scientific Names
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Binomial (two name)
 Genus
name, species name
Examples:
 Homo sapiens
 Alligator mississippiensis
 Felis domesticus
The Process of Science
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The word science is derived from a Latin verb
meaning “to know”
 Science
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is a way of knowing
Discovery science
 Describing
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nature
Hypothesis-driven science
 Explaining
nature
Science
Uses investigative methods to test
hypotheses based on previous observations
 Scientific method
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1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and ask
questions about it
 2. Hypothesis
 3. Make predictions
 4. Test the predictions
 5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones
 6. Analyze and report the test results and conclusions
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The Scientific Method
Why this course?!?!?
Examine concepts of biology
 Relate these to our everyday lives
 Better understanding of the environment
and our impacts
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