Transcript Ch 6 - fieldbio

Ch 6
• http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/scienc
e/24bees.html
• http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/scienc
e/07bees.html
• http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/us/29
cnd-highway.html?_r=1
11-3 ATB
• Why did your culture cups in the experiment
lose mass?
• Today:
– Go over your tests
– Discuss / finish compiling your data – finish
graphing
• Save your work or post it to the wiki b/c this the last
class day for it.
– Pre-quiz
11-4 ATB
• Name the biome that covers the most area on
earth.
• Today:
– Begin ch 6 – research directions
– Graphs and lab questions due Friday
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11-5 ATB
• Figure out the phrase:
– N I NNNN I
• Today:
– Begin the “Eternal Enemies” video
– Continue working on your research
• Get out the primary
11-5consumer
ATB productivity
labs…look at question #6
• Cat – 5 kg (5000 g)
• Robin - 77 g
• Painted Lady - 0.5g
• Mallow Leaf – 0.2 g per leaf
• Calculate the # of robins, caterpillars & leaves
needed to support the 5kg cat. (10%
efficiency rate)
– Start with how many robins must be consumed to
support the biomass of the cat
11-8 ATB
• Other than elephants, what is the largest
land mammal?
• Today:
• “Eternal Enemies” Documentary
• Work on your research
11-9 ATB
• Give an example of interspecific competition
from the movie
• Today:
– Finish the movie
– Work on your projects
• 5000 g cat / 77 g/robin = 65 robins / cat (but
with only 10% efficiency of the energy
transfer, you must multiply 65 robins / cat x 10
= 650 robins / cat
• 650 robins x 77 g/robin = 50,050 grams of
robins
• (50,050 g robin / 0.5 g/butterfly) x 10 =
1,001,000 butterflies (to support 1 cat)
• 1,001,000 butterflies x 0.5g/butterfly =
500,500 g of butterflies
#7
•
•
•
•
1g
10 g
100g
1000g
11-10 ATB
• What is siblicide or fratricide?
• Today:
– Finish your projects
– Start presenting them tomorrow
11-11 ATB
• Describe the leaders of the lion pride and
hyena clan
• Today:
– Begin presentations
11-12 ATB
• Describe cryptic coloration
– Today:
• Continue with our presentations
11-12 ATB
• What is batesian mimicry
• Today:
– Presentations!
11-16 ATB
• What is herbivory?
• Today:
– Continue presentations
11-17 ATB
• Generally describe the rainfall and
temperature in the savanna
• Today:
– Finish presentations?
– Test Friday?
• What are some ways
we could
possible control
11-18
ATB
invasive species?
–
–
–
–
–
–
Best is to prevent their introduction
Remove manually
Toxic chemicals
Drying them out
Depriving of oxygen
Stressing them
• Heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, ultraviolet light
• Today
– Finish presentations
– Work on review sheet
– Test…tomorrow?
This lecture will help you
understand:
• Species interactions
• Feeding relationships,
energy flow, trophic
levels, and food webs
• Keystone species
• The process of
succession
• Potential impacts of
invasive species
• Ecological restoration
• Terrestrial biomes
Case Study: Black and white and
spread all over
• Small, black and white
shellfish
• Introduced to Lake St. Clair,
Canada, in 1988, in
discharged ballast water
• Within 2 years, the zebra
mussels invaded all 5 Great
Lakes
• Populations grew
exponentially
– No natural predators,
competitors, or parasites
Species interactions
• Species interactions are the backbone of
communities
• Most important categories
– Competition = both species are harmed
– Predation, parasitism, and herbivory = one
species benefits and the other is harmed
– Mutualism = both species benefit
Competition
• Competition = relationship where multiple
organisms seek the same limited resources they
need to survive:
– Food - Water
– Space - Shelter
– Mates - Sunlight
• Intraspecific competition = between members
of the same species
– High population density = increased competition
• Interspecific competition = between members
of 2 or more species
Results of interspecific
competition
• Competitive exclusion = one species
completely excludes another species from
using the resource
• Species coexistence = neither species
fully excludes the other from resources, so
both live side by side
– This produces a stable point of equilibrium,
with stable population sizes
– Species adjust to minimize competition by
using only a part of the available resource
Niche: an individual’s ecological
role
• Fundamental niche = when an individual
fulfills its entire role by using all the
available resources
• Realized niche = the portion of the
fundamental niche that is actually filled
– Due to competition or other species’
interactions
Resource partitioning
• Resource partitioning
=
– when species divide
shared resources by
specializing in different
ways
• Ex: one species is active
at night, another in the
daytime
• Ex: one species eats
small seeds, another
eats large seeds
Effects of resource partitioning
• Character displacement =
– competing species evolve physical characteristics
that reflect their reliance on the portion of the
resource they use
– Ex: birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills
– Ex: birds that eat smaller seeds evolve smaller
bills
Competition is reduced when two species become more different
Predation
• Exploitation = one member exploits
another for its own gain
– Predation, parasitism, herbivory
• Predation = process by which individuals
of one species (predators) capture, kill,
and consume individuals of another
species (prey)
– Structures food webs
– Influences community composition through
number of predators and prey
Effects of zebra mussels
• Zebra mussels eat phytoplankton and
zooplankton
– Both populations decrease in lakes with zebra
mussels
• They don’t eat cyanobacteria
– Population increases in lakes with zebra
mussels
• Zebra mussels are becoming prey for
some North American predators:
– Diving ducks, muskrats, crayfish, flounder,
Effects of predation on
populations
• Increased prey populations increases predators
– Predators survive and reproduce
• Increased predator populations decrease prey
• Decreased prey population causes starvation of
predators
• Decreased predator populations increases prey
populations
Natural selection
• Natural selection leads to evolution of
adaptations that make predators better
hunters
• Individuals who are better at catching
prey:
– Live longer, healthier lives
– Take better care of offspring
• Predation pressure: prey are at risk of
immediate death
– Prey develops elaborate defenses against
Organisms evolve defenses
against being eaten