Transcript Circulatory System

HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS
By Marie Gengler
Table of Contents
•Digestive System
•Circulatory System
•Respiratory System
•Immune System
•Excretory System
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestive
System
The main function
of the digestive
system is to break
down the food we
eat into smaller
parts so the body
can use them for
energy and cell
nourishment. They
also package the
residue for waste
disposal.
Digestive
System
Saliva from your mouth begins the
digestion process, it occurs before
you even touch your food. Saliva
glands which are accessory organs
to the digestion process by making
the saliva which begins the process.
Then you chew the food and your
saliva starts to break done the food.
Next your tongue pushes your food
done, past your pharynx, and into
your Esophagus. The pharynx allows
air to pass through and allows food
to pass through to the esophagus.
Digestive
System
The next step in the digestive
system cycle is the esophagus. The
esophagus delivers food to your
stomach through muscle
contractions called peristalsis. Next
your stomach contains the food
while your food is getting mixed
with digestive enzymes. The acids
and enzymes then break up your
food into a liquid mixture. The
stomach then empties its contents
into the small intestine.
Digestive
Enzyme
The small intestine then breaks
done the flood mixture even
further getting vitamins, fats,
minerals, proteins
carbohydrates. The pancreas,
liver, and gallbladder are three
accessory organs during the
digestive process in the small
intestine. The pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes
that break down fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins in
the first portion of the small
intestine.
Digestive
System
The liver processes nutrients
absorbed from the small
intestine. Bile from the liver
also plays a role in digesting
fat. The gallbladder absorbs
and digests fat. Now any waste
left in your small intestine
moves into the large intestine.
The large intestine processes
the waste and slowly water is
removed and becomes a solid
creating stool.
Digestive
Enzyme
Then the large intestine pushes
the stool into the rectum. The
rectum stores the stool until the
brain decides to release its
contents. The final step of the
digestive system is when your
stool moves into your anus. The
anus is what keeps the stool in
you until you are ready to dispose
of the waste. Another accessory
muscle is the sphincter muscles.
Sphincter muscles close bodily
passages and openings. The
muscle aids the stomach and
anus.
Digestive
System
Digestion of large
food molecules is
essential because
most of the food that
humans eat are
compounds from
other organisms that
aren’t suitable for
human tissues and
food molecules have
to be small enough to
be absorbed by the
intestine for
absorption to occur.
Digestive
System
Enzymes in
digestion break
down food into
smaller parts. The
enzyme Amylase
breaks down
carbohydrates.
Protease breaks
down proteins. Fats
are broken down
be the enzyme
Lipase.
Digestive
System
Physical Digestion is the
process of changing the
properties physically but does
not create anything new.
Examples are the teeth and
stomach. Chemical Digestion is
when new molecules are
produced. Examples are the
actions of enzymes in saliva,
gastric juices, and etc. Both
digestions are similar in that
they are both digestions and
they break down food into
smaller components.
Digestive System
• Carbohydrate digestion takes place in the mouth first with the
salivary amylase enzyme. Then in the stomach amylase
continues to break down carbohydrates. Once in the small
intestine pancreatic amylase, dextrinase, glucomylase, maltase,
sucrose, and lactase enzymes complete the carbohydrate
digestion. Protein digestion first takes place in the stomach
with the protease enzyme pepsin. Then the small intestine the
pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin. Finally protein
digestion is complete with the enzymes dipeptidase and
peptidase. Lipid Digestion takes place in the mouth first with
the enzyme lipase. Digestion is continued in the small intestine
with lipase. Digestion then continues with the gallbladder then
finishes digestion when lipids break it down.
Digestive System
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is changes in bowl movements.
Symptoms are pain, fullness, bloating, constipation, diarrhea,
and cramping for three days a month for the past three
months.
It occurs after an infection of the intestines. 1 of 6 people in
the United States have it.
The treatment is to eat a lactose-free diet for 2 weeks and
exercise. Sometimes even colonoscopies will be done.
Digestive System
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose Intolerance is when you cannot digest lactose. It
happens when there is not enough of the enzyme lactase.
Symptoms occur between 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating.
Symptoms are abdominal bloating, abdominal cramps,
diarrhea, gas nausea.
Children will not show signs that they have it until they are 3
years old. Occurs mainly in Caucasians and African Americans.
Decreases in milk consumption will help. Treatments include
Enteroscopy, Lactose-hydrogen breath test, Lactose tolerance
test, and Stool pH.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory
System
The circulatory
system helps give
nutrients, gases
blood cells,
hormones and
blood oxygen to
every inch of the
body. It is also a
main cooling agent.
Circulatory
System
Arteries are tubes that constrict
and contract to the beat of the
heart bringing blood away from the
heart.
 Capillaries are tiny tubes that
connect the arteries and veins.
They allow exchanges between
the blood and surrounding
tissues.
 Veins are tubes with valves that
allow blood to flow to the heart
and the valves help control the
blood flow.
Circulatory
System
Venae
Cavae
Right
Atrium
Tricuspid
Valve
Pulmonary
Trunk
Pulmonary
Valve
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary
Veins
Left
Ventricle
Mitral
Valve
Left
Atrium
Aortic
Valve
Aorta
The path of blood through the heart
starts with blood entering through the
venae cavae and then moves into the
right atrium. Then the blood flow
moves from the right atrium into the
right ventricle through the Tricuspid
valve. Next the blood moves from the
right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
through the pulmonary valve From
there it moves to the pulmonary
arteries and then the lungs. The blood
then returns through the pulmonary
veins to the left atrium. From the atrium
the blood moves to the left ventricle
through the mitral valve. From there it
moves to the aorta through the aortic
valve.
Circulatory
System
Blood is composed
of about 55%
plasma. The rest of
blood is composed
of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) ,
white blood cells
(leukocytes) , and
platelets.
Circulatory
System
Erythrocytes have a
biconcave disk
shape which aids
the cell in
transporting gases,
It increases the
surface area. The
shape also makes it
easy for the cell to
squeeze through
the narrow
passages of the
capillaries.
Circulatory
System
 In an open and
closed circulatory
system both pump
the blood using the
heart.
 Open circulatory
systems happen in
mollusks,
crustaceans,
arthropods, and
insects.
 Closed circulatory
systems happen in
vertebrates and
invertebrates.
Fish have a two chambered heart with
one atrium and one ventricle.
Amphibians and reptiles have three
chambers to their heart with two atria
and one ventricle. In mammals (Birds)
there are four chambers to the heart
with two atria and two ventricles.
Circulatory System
Depression
Depression is an illness that causes sadness, loss of interest,
and exhaustion. Depression can lead to physical and emotional
problems.
Symptoms include sadness, insomnia, irritability, anger,
fatigue, and changes of appetite.
Factors of depression include Biological Differences,
Neurotransmitters, Hormones, Inherited Traits, Life events,
and Early Childhood Trauma.
Some treatments for depression are medications and
counseling.
Circulatory System
Heart Disease
Heart Disease are diseases of your blood vessels.
Systems of heart disease are chest pain and shortness of
breath ,pain, weakness, and coldness.
Men are at greater risk. Smoking and a poor diet don’t help
out your chances. Older aged people are at a higher risk than
younger people. Obesity and High amounts of stress really
hurt your chances for not getting a heart disease.
Treatments include life style changes, medications, surgery,
and medical procedures.
Works Cited
 http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/
 http://health.rush.edu/HealthInformation/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000246.aspx
 http://health.rush.edu/HealthInformation/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000276.aspx
 http://www.innovateus.net/health/what-function-circulatory-system
 http://visual.merriam-webster.com/human-being/anatomy/digestive-system.php
 http://human-body-physiology.factoidz.com/physiology-the-digestive-system-part-3-revisited/
 http://everydayscienceforall.blogspot.com/2011/01/digestive-system-human-digestive-system.html
 http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com/the-heart-cardiovascular-system.asp
 Human Anatomy Book
 http://www2.gsu.edu/~bioasx/closeopen.html
 http://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm
 http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1113
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/depression/DS00175
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120
 http://www.picturesdepot.com/tags/1/cardiovascular+system+diagram.html