Transcript No Slide Title - Census of Marine Life Secretariat

Oceans of Biodiversity
Remain Unknown –
New Zealand
and the
Global Ocean
Dennis P. Gordon
NIWA
Mark Costello
Auckland University
Edward Vanden Berghe
Rutgers University
The New
Zealand EEZ
• >4 million km2
• long history of
geological
isolation
• huge diversity
of seafloor
features
How many marine species in New Zealand?
Bacteria
excluded!
Described
species
Known
undescribed
Estimated
undiscovered
Protozoa, fungi,
algae, plants
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
3,000
8,287
1,254
165
3,210
170
??
??
690
TOTALS
12,541
3,545
~40,000−50,000
i.e. species known 16,086; yet to be described >40,000−50,000
At the present rate of new species descriptions (~100 / y) it will take minimally
400−500 years to complete the task of inventorying New Zealand’s marine biota.
The uncertainty concerning estimated undiscovered
species centres on parasitic and commensal organisms
plus free-living nematodes (roundworms).
Superkingdom
PROKARYOTA
Cyanobacteria
Other prokaryotes
Photos: NIWA
Photos: NIWA and
Jon Waterbury WHOI
(www.whoi.edu)
named species 40
named genera 39
Kingdom PROTOZOA
9/12 phyla
# species
Amoebozoa
2
Apusozoa
1
Cercozoa
14
Choanozoa
19
Ciliophora
75
Euglenozoa
16
Foraminifera
1076
Myzozoa
243
Radiozoa
181
TOTAL
1627
Kingdom CHROMISTA
6/6 phyla
# species
Bigyra
1
Heliozoa
1
Cryptista
9
Haptophyta
78
Ochrophyta
757
Sagenista
Total
9
855
Kingdom PLANTAE
3/6 phyla
# species
Rhodophyta
478
Chlorophyta
142
Tracheophyta
Total
6
626
Kingdom
FUNGI
g
# species
Total
57
Kingdom ANIMALIA — 29/33 phyla
# species
Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Dicyemida
Gastrotricha
Gnathifera
Cycliophora
Mollusca
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
Entoprocta
Sipuncula
Echiura
Annelida
Nemertea
683
0
1113
19
323
6
4
44
0
3664
35
3
950
12
26
6
789
62
# species
Chaetognatha
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Arthropoda
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Priapulida
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
15
5
0
2819
17
1
3
167
1
Xenoturbellida
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Tunicata
Chordata
0
531
6
192
1425
TOTAL
12,921
Photos: NIWA &
NORFANZ
Porifera
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gnathifera
Mollusca
Brachiopoda
Bryozoa
Sipuncula
Annelida
Nemertea
Echinodermata
Tunicata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Kinorhyncha
Nematoda
All other groups
TOTALS 25,510
ERMS
region
South
Africa
1640
1316
38
2484
201
3798
18
760
44
2073
429
651
481
1490
7426
40
2110
511
289
842
11
58
2
3062
31
280
47
767
17
410
220
2272
2457
1
358
68
11,192
New
Zealand
683
1113
19
323
44
3664
35
950
26
789
62
531
192
1425
2819
17
167
62
12,921
Diversity of Marine Animalia
Photos: NIWA
& NORFANZ
European
Register of
Marine
Species
ERMS area
21 762 258 km2
NZ EEZ area
4 053 049 km2
ERMS area ~5.5 x
greater than New
Zealand EEZ but
only 1.97 x as many
marine Animalia
THREE KINGS ISLANDS
GOZO
COMINO
MALTA
*
Spirits Bay –
New Zealand’s
marine-biodiversity hotspot
UK/Ireland EEZs
Mediterranean Sea
Three Kings Shelf, NZ
Have equivalent numbers
of bryozoan species
The coral-reef ecosystem — the
most speciose marine biome.
Diversity of molluscan species
ERMS
3738
Contours based
on Scleractinia
Panglao >5000
Espiritu Santo ~3500
New Caledonia 3001
Rapa 530
After Veron, 1995
Australian EEZ
New Zealand EEZ
~5000
3664
South African EEZ
Southern Ocean
3062
690
Base map courtesy of
Philippe Bouchet, MNHN
Estimates of described
marine species (all kingdoms)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Winston 1992
May 1994
Van der Land 1994
Reaka-Kudla 1996
Gordon 2003
Bouchet 2006
Courtesy Mark Costello & Philippe Bouchet
250,000
500,000
150,000
274,000
230,000
230,000
Global species diversity
(all kingdoms)
Global species and marine diversity
(all kingdoms)
Rate of discovery of marine species in European seas
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1750
1850
1950
Year
• Many new species to be discovered in best-known seas
• Species-rich taxa are the least known
How many unknown species in
European seas?
• ERMS
• 29,700 listed
• 6,500 species not yet added
• 36,200 known species
• Statistical model* predicts
• 5,000 to 20,000 species to be described
• i.e. 16% to 67%
• hence 41,000-56,000 species in European seas
* Wilson, S. P. and Costello, M.J. 2005. Predicting future discoveries
of European marine species by using a non-homogeneous
renewal process. Applied Statistics 54: 897-918.
So how many marine species?
Known
Unknown
% unknown
Total
Europe
World
36,200
230,000
5,000 - 20,000
1.17-1.37
million
c. 84-86%
16 – 67 %
41,000 - 56,000
1.4-1.6
million*
*Bouchet 2006
Data
from
Phillipe
Bouchet
MNHN
"Algae"
1,170,000 ÷ 1,555 = 752 years
89
Protozoa
1,370,000 ÷ 1,555 = 881 years
63
Fungi
4
Porifera
40
Cnidaria
76
Platyhelminthes
90
Nemertea
9
Nematoda
21
Mollusca
354
Annelida
Crustacea
439
Bryozoa
30
Echinodermata
21
Tunicata
27
Other Invertebrates
64
Pisces
TOTAL : 1555
121
Cetacea
1
0
100
200
300
400
Descriptions of new marine species, 2002–03 (not bacteria)
500
However
• Still have not described enough species
for most species-rich taxa to predict
“unknown.”
• Need understand more about spatial and
habitat-related diversity in order to make
projections.
• But CoML deep-sea projects may fill
these gaps.
A role for OBIS here –
using data on >80,000
species (representing
distribution at >13 million
ocean localities) from
>230 databases via
www.iobis.org
Geographical gaps in OBIS increase with depth −
All data (all depths) in 5 degree squares, November 2007:
Red = highest density of sampling; blue lowest; white = no data. If sampling
density were equally high everywhere, most of the map would be red.
>100 metres
>500 metres
>1000 metres
> 2500 metres
Global pattern of sampling effort
Red is more, blue less, white is no data.
Pattern in number of species in OBIS
Red is more, blue less, white is no data.
Observed number of species in each square correlates with sampling
density.
Species richness in OBIS
corrected for sampling bias
Red is more, blue less, white is no data.
Using ES(50) index = expected number of species in a random sample of 50
specimens from each 5 x 5 degree square. Blanks are squares where fewer than
50 “items” have been found; even a crude biodiversity estimate is not possible.
Balaenoptera
omurai
Wada et al. 2003
12 m long
Ostreococcus tauri
Courties & Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1995
1 µm diameter
Smallest known eukaryote
?
?
Applying
taxonomic
biodiscovery
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Scientific needs
Sustainable management
Biosecurity
Biotechnology
Conservation
Climate change
International responsibilities
The Census of
Marine Life
addresses all
of these
concerns.
Acknowledgments
• The visionaries who promoted CoML and OBIS
• FRST Contract C01X0502
• Photographers Tracy Farr, Malcolm Francis, Svenja Heesch, Els Maas,
Wendy Nelson, and Geoff Read (NIWA)
• Dr Philippe Bouchet, MNHN, Paris
• Cytographics [www.cytographics.com]
• NZ Plant Conservation Network (Jeremy Rolf photographer)
[www.nzpcn.org.nz]
• Protist Image Data (Charles J. O’Kelly & Tim Littlejohn ©1994-2004)
[http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery/html]
• Protist Image Galleries
[http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Galleries/indexE.html]
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (John Waterbury) [www.whoi.edu]
• Zoosporic Fungi Online [www.botany.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi]