Transcript Fisheries in the Caribbean

Caribbean Fisheries
An Overview
UNU-FTP Stock Assessment Course
August 23-September 3, 2010
UWI Cave Hill Campus
Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem
(CLME)
• CLME- 2, 515, 900 km2
• Territorial and Coastal
waters bordering 39
countries
• 116 million people live
within 100 km of the
Caribbean Sea
Map of the Caribbean Sea: Yellow Line Indicates CLME Area (CARSEA 2007)
Ecosystems & Habitats: Mangroves
• Protect coral reefs & seagrass beds against
siltation
• Provide habitat, spawning grounds, and
nutrients for many commercial species
• 1% per year reduction of mangrove area since
1980
Ecosystems & Habitats: Seagrass Beds
• Nursery area for juveniles of commercial
species
• Feeding area for reef-based carnivores
• High net productivity ~ 1 kg of C/m 2 /yr
A. J. Edwards
Ecosystems and Habitats: Coral Reefs
• Considered to have the highest biodiversity
within tropical marine ecosystems
• 7% of the world’s reefs are located in the
Wider Caribbean
• Associated fisheries valued at 312 million
USD/ yr in 2000
• Recreational value
• Coastal protection
Ecosystems and Habitats: Coral Reefs
Cont’d
• Future estimations indicate a decline by 30–
45% by 2015 with associated loss of annual
net benefits valued at 11–140 million USD
Absolute % Coral Cover from 1997 to 2001 Across the Caribbean Basin. Gardener et al. 2003
in CARSEA 2007
Importance of Fisheries
• > 200, 000 fishers full time/part time
• > 100, 000 individuals involved in processing,
net-making, boat-building and supporting
industries
• ~ 1.5 million people depend on commercial
fishing for their livelihoods
• Food security
Importance of Fisheries Cont’d
• On average fish products account for 7% of
protein consumed in the Caribbean
Average Per capita fish consumption in the Caribbean and the World. FAO
2009
Countries
Per capita supply of fish-live weight
equivalent (kg)
Annual Change (%)
1985
1995
2005
1985-1995 1995-2005
Caribbean
12.6
10.5
9.6
-1.8
-0.9
World
12.6
14.9
16.4
1.7
1.0
Characteristics of the Fisheries
• Open access
• Targeted species include:
– 680 species of bony fish
– Invertebrates- shrimp; lobsters; molluscs (squid,
octopus and conch)
• Various stages of development- artisanal to
industrial
• Increase in fishing efficiency and intensity over
the last 30 years
• Majority of commercially fished resources
considered fully or overexploited
Characteristics of the Fisheries Cont’d
Fish Landings in the Caribbean Sea . Source: UBC, Sea Around Us Project 2006
Characteristics of the Fisheries Cont’d
Fish Landings in the Caribbean Sea . Source: UBC, Sea Around Us Project 2006
Characteristics of the Fisheries Cont’d
Fish Landings in the Caribbean Sea . Source: UBC, Sea Around Us Project 2006
Characteristics of the Fisheries Cont’d
Mean Trophic Level for the Caribbean Sea. Source: UBC, Sea Around Us Project 2006
Characteristics of the Fisheries Cont’d
Capture fisheries production for the WCA fishing area. FAO, 2009
Fisheries of the CARICOM region –
Landing and vending facilities vary in quality
Photo of Belize City fish sales
Photo of fish sales on beach
in Dominica
COLD STORAGE FACILITIES
Photo of fisheries complex
at Marigot in Dominica
Indoor fish market in Trinidad
Fleet Characteristics
Artisanal Boats 5-10 m
Medium-sized Boats 10-15 m
Industrial Vessels >15 m
Caribbean Fleet Composition by boat/vessel types. CARSEA 2007
CARICOM open boats
Double-ender
Canoe
Keel boats
Pirogue with
long line gear
Pirogue
Moses
CARICOM vessels with cabins (Barbados)
Long liner
Iceboat
Dayboat
CARICOM vessels with cabins (continued)
Grenada decked
pirogue
Dominica long liner
Local St. Vincent long liner
Grenada launch
CARICOM large-scale longliners
High Seas long liner –
SVG & Belize
Aquaculture
• Increasingly significant contribution to the
economies of the region.
• Main species are tilapia and penaeid shrimp
Total Aquaculture Production in the Caribbean and the World. FAO 2009
Countries Aquaculture Production (Million
tonnes)
Annual Change (%)
1985
1995
2005
19851995
19952005
Caribbean 0.01
0.03
0.03
17.2
0.5
World
24.38
48.49
11.8
7.1
8.02
Trade in Fish and Fish Products
Imports and Exports of fish and fishery products indicating net surplus. FAO 2009
Types of data collected in the
Caribbean by Fisheries authority
• Licensing and Registration of fishing vessels and
fishermen(LRS)
• Fisheries census and ad hoc surveys (counting of boats,
fishers etc.)
• Export and import data for fish and fish products
• Catch and effort data (usually from interview of fishers
concerning a fishing trip)
• Fish biological data(length, weight, sex and maturity)
• Environmental data (water quality & temperature)
Other types of data
available/collected by other agencies
• Statistical Institutes: Population censusesprovide social information on fishers
• NIS (National Insurance Schemes)- Economic
data on fishers
• Meteorological Services (Sea heights ; sea
conditions on a daily basis)
Systems used for collection of fisheries
data /data used in stock assessments
•
Generally two systems (or a combination)are used:
– Sampling following a sampling plan
– Census taken from fish market and by LRS
• Ad Hoc Projects :
– Universities
– Funded by aid agencies
– Other agencies (national regional or international)
Data Storage and Management
• Electronic data storage
• Excel and Access are widely used both for storage and
data management
• Some countries have developed their own data bases e.g
Oracle
• CARIFIS, developed by CRFM –can be used for storage
and manipulation of the data, and is used by several
CRFM MS
Reef and Slope Fisheries
• Commercially important
groupers and snappers
species
include
Thousands
R&S Fisheries: Snapper Trends
14
12
Yellowtail snapper
Vermilion snapper
10
8
Snappers nei
Silk snapper
6
Queen snapper
Mutton snapper
4
Lane snapper
Grey snapper
2
Cubera snapper
0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Tonnes
Southern red snapper
Landings of Snapper species in the WCA from 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Thousands
R&S Fisheries: Grouper Trends
35
30
25
20
Red grouper
Nassau grouper
15
Groupers, seabasses nei
Groupers nei
10
Coney
5
0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Tonnes
Red hind
Landings of Grouper species in the WCA from 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Reef and Slope Fisheries: Status
•
•
•
•
Low catch rates
Decreasing sizes of fish caught
Scarcity of large, most valuable species
Stock status of many species unknown,
however it is believed they are over-exploited
in many countries
Reef & Slope Fisheries Assessments/Analyses
Species
Country
Reference
Method
Red hind
Montserrat
CRFM 2009
CPUE trends
Queen triggerfish
Montserrat
CRFM 2009
CPUE trends
Nassau Grouper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Belize
CRFM 2007
ANOVA, GLM
Graysby Grouper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Yellowfin Grouper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Silk Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Black Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Blackfin Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Queen Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Red Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Mutton Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Pot Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Yellowtail Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Gray Snapper
TCI
CRFM 2008
LF
Reef&Slope Fisheries Management
• Minimum size restrictions
• SPAG restrictions
• Closed Areas and Seasons
Spiny Lobster
• Commercially important species
• Extended larval stage
• 25 plus countries and territories target this
resource
Copyright © 2009 JungleWalk.com and its
licensors.
Thousands
Spiny Lobster Trends
35
30
20
WCA
15
CRFM MS
10
5
2007
2004
2001
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
0
1950
Tonnes
25
Year
Landings of Spiny Lobster in the WCA and CRFM 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Spiny Lobster: Status (FAO, 2006)
Status of stock
Countries
Considered Underexploited
Venezuela (some areas)
Considered Fully-exploited or stable
Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands; Turks and
Caicos; United States of America; Belize;
Mexico; Costa Rica; Cuba; Antigua &
Barbuda; Venezuela (some areas)
Considered Overexploited
Nicaragua; Jamaica; Dominican Republic;
Brazil; Colombia; Honduras
Spiny Lobster Status-CRFM efforts
Status
Country
Method
Reference
Unknown
Jamaica
Bayesian
CRFM 2009
Unknown
Bahamas
LCCC
CRFM 2008
Unknown
Jamaica
Surplus
Production/Bayesian
CRFM 2008
Fully exploited
TCI
Population Model
CRFM 2007
Unknown
St. Lucia
CPUE trends, LF
CRFM 2006
Unknown
Bahamas
LF
CRFM 2006
Spiny Lobster Fishery: Management
• Minimum size restrictions
– Tail weights
– Carapace lengths
• Closed Areas and Seasons
• Gear restrictions
Queen Conch
• Commercially omportant species
• Listed in
– Appendix II of CITES and
– Annex III of SPAW
Thousands
Queen Conch: Trends
40
35
30
20
WCA
15
CRFM MS
10
5
2007
2004
2001
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
0
1950
Tonnes
25
Year
Landings of Queen Conch in the WCA and CRFM 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Queen Conch Status. FAO 2006
Indicators/Reference
Causes for Concern
Biomass
Ongoing decrease
CPUE
Ongoing decrease
Unplanned trend in landings
Ongoing increase
Mean density of stock
Uncertain. Likely to vary from
locality to locality
Fishing Effort
Unplanned growth
Fisher opinion
Fishers report decline in
availability in areas previously
found
Trends in market prices unrelated to production
costs
Increase in price over time
Fishing grounds
Depleted inshore. Progressive
shift towards deeper fishing
grounds, Fishing further from
port
Loss of Habitat
Ongoing destruction of nursery
and fishing grounds
Changes in mean shell length
Noticeable reduction over time
Fishing gear/tactics
Unevaluated. Indications of
increased fishing power
Queen Conch Status-CRFM Efforts
Status
Country
Method
Reference
Overfished
St. Lucia
Surplus Production
CRFM 2008
Not overfished
TCI
Schaefer Dynamic
Model
CRFM 2007
Stable
Bahamas
Schaefer Dynamic
Model
CRFM 2006
Unknown
Jamaica
Abundance
estimates
CRFM 2006
Queen Conch: Management
•
•
•
•
Minimum size restrictions
Meat weight restrictions
Closed Areas and Seasons
Gear restrictions
Most important large pelagic fish resources
harvested by CRFM countries during 1990-2006 that
are regularly assessed by ICCAT. CRFM 2008
Yellowfin tuna
Albacore tuna
Skipjack tuna
Blue marlin
Bigeye tuna
Swordfish
Atlantic sailfish
Most important large pelagic fish resources
harvested by CRFM countries during 1990-2006 that
are NOT regularly assessed by ICCAT. CRFM 2008
Spanish mackerel
King mackerel
wahoo
Blackfin tuna
Atlantic bonito
Frigate tuna
Dolphinfish
Efforts to Evaluate Stock Status Summary of CRFM assessments
during 2004-2007
SPECIES
DOLPHINFISH
YR
06 &
METHODS
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
TRENDS
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
INDICES FROM OTHER
FLEETS
PRODUCTION MODEL
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
INDICES FROM OTHER
FLEETS
10
SPANISH
MACKEREL
04
WAHOO
04 &
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
TRENDS
07
KING
MACKEREL
06 &
07
Source: CRFM (2008)
RECOMMENDED
ASSESSMENT NEED
YIELD/RECRUIT
EXTEND RELATIVE
ABUNDANCE TRENDS TO
OTHER FLEETS AND
FURTHER BACK IN TIME
DATA ON SIZE STRUCTURE
FROM OTHER FLEETS
Large Pelagics: ICCAT Management
measures applicable (CRFM, 2008)
•
•
•
•
Yellowfin tuna-Fishing effort
Southern albacore- TAC
South Atlantic Sailfish-Minimum size
Bigeye tuna- TAC; limits on vessel number by
country; closed areas and seasons
• Blue/white marlin-catch restrictions
Small Coastal Pelagics
• Main species
– jacks (Caranx spp.)
– robins (Decapterus spp)
– ballyhoo (Hemirhamphus spp.)
– herrings (Clupeidae)
– anchovies (Engraulidae)
• Declining catches of small coastal
pelagics reported by CRFM MS
• Status of these stocks are unknown
• Important food and bait fish
• Attempts to analyse landing trends:
– CRFM, 2008
Small Coastal Pelagics
Thousands
Trends
Management
30
• Gear restrictions
• Sale restrictions
25
Scads nei
20
Tonnes
Clupeoids nei
Carangids nei
15
Bigeye scad
Ballyhoo halfbeak
10
Atlantic thread herring
Anchovies, etc. nei
5
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
0
Landings of small coastal pelagics in the WCA 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Flyingfish
• In the southern Lesser Antilles single most
important small pelagic.
• Used as food and as bait in the developing
longline fishery targeting large pelagics.
• Maximum landings: 4700 t
Flyingfish: Trends
Estimated total catch of flyingfish in the EC (1955-2007), FAO 2009
Flyingfish: Status & Management
Countries
Status
Method
Barbados
Not overfished
B&H
Dominica
Grenada
Martinique
St. Lucia
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines
Trinidad & Tobago
Source: FAO, 2009
• Catch trigger
point: 5000 t
Shrimp & Groundfish
• Commercially important shrimp and
groundfish resources targeted by 6 countries
and territories along the Guianas–Brazil shelf
Thousands
Shrimp Trends
100
90
80
70
Whitebelly prawn
50
Southern brown shrimp
Penaeus shrimps nei
40
Atlantic seabob
30
20
10
0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Tonnes
60
Landings of shrimp species in the WCA 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Thousands
Groundfish Trends
14
12
Yellowtail snapper
Vermilion snapper
10
8
Snappers nei
Silk snapper
6
Queen snapper
Mutton snapper
4
Lane snapper
Grey snapper
2
Cubera snapper
0
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
Tonnes
Southern red snapper
Landings of snapper species in the WCA 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
Thousands
Groundfish Trends
30
25
15
Whitemouth croaker
Weakfishes nei
10
5
Landings of weakfish in the WCA 1950-2007. FAO, 2008
2007
2004
2001
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
1974
1971
1968
1965
1962
1959
1956
1953
0
1950
Tonnes
20
Groundfish Status
Species
Country
Status
Method
Reference
Lane snapper
Suriname
Under-to fully
exploited
PR, LCA
FAO 2001
Trinidad and Tobago
Possibly over
exploited but
recovering
LF, CPUE trends
FAO 2001
Possibly Overfished
Mean Size Model;
Catch-Free Model
CRFM 2006
Over exploited
PR
FAO 2001
Possibly overexploited
LF, CPUE trends
CRFM 2007
Overfished
PR and CPUE, bioeconomic analysis
FAO 2001
Stable
B& H; Mean Size
Estimation
CRFM 2008
Suriname
Overexploited
PR
FAO 2001
Guyana
Possibly overexploited
Mean Size Model,
LCCC, GLM
CRFM 2007
Jamaica weakfish
Trinidad and Tobago
Overfished
PR and CPUE, bioeconomic analysis
FAO 2001
Southern red snapper
Guyana
Possibly Overfished
Mean Size Model
CRFM 2006
King weakfish
Whitemouth croaker
Green weakfish
Guyana
Trinidad and Tobago
Shrimp Status
Species
Country
Status
Method
Reference
Atlantic seabob
Guyana
Possibly fully
exploited
VPA & Y/R
CRFM 2006
Stable
Bayesian & MC
CRFM 2009
Suriname
Stable
Bayesian & MC
CRFM 2009
Trinidad & Tobago;
Venezuela
Overfished
Production Model
CRFM 2006
Southern brown
shrimp
Suriname
Unknown
CPUE trends
CRFM 2007
Trinidad & Tobago;
Venezuela
Overfished
Production Model
CRFM 2006
Southern pink
shrimp
Trinidad & Tobago;
Venezuela
Overfished
Production Model
CRFM 2006
Red/pink spotted
shrimp
Trinidad & Tobago;
Venezuela
Overfished
Production Model
CRFM 2006
Southern white
shrimp
Trinidad & Tobago;
Venezuela
Overfished
Production Model
CRFM 2006
Shrimp & Groundfish Management
•
•
•
•
Vessel restrictions
Gear restrictions
Minimum size restrictions
Closed areas and seasons
Fisheries Governance & Management
in the Caribbean
Definitions (Source: Parsons, 2007)
1) Simple definition of governance - the system of "formal and/or
informal rules, understandings, or norms that influence
behaviour."
2) Olsen et al. (2006) - “Governance probes the fundamental goals
and the institutional processes and structures that are the
basics for planning and decision-making. Management, in
contrast, is the process by which humans and material
resources are harnessed to achieve a known goal within a
known institutional structure.“
3) Kooiman et al. 2005 (Interactive fisheries governance) "Governance is the whole of public as well as private
interactions taken to solve societal problems and create
societal opportunities. It includes the formulation and
application of principles guiding those interactions and care
for institutions that enable them.“
The Wider Caribbean showing
hypothetical EEZs
The challenge of a
political, cultural, linguistic and constitutional mosaic
Regional Fishery Bodies in Wider Caribbean
ICCAT
CRFM
WECAFC
CRFM
OLDEPESCA
ICCAT
COPESCAL
OLDEPESCA
All but ICCAT operate as advisory bodies
ICCAT – contributions to
fisheries governance in Caribbean
1) Regular assessment and management advice for
globally important large tunas and billfishes
2) Data improvement assistance for developing
states
3) Recent developments for assistance and
collaboration with research and assessment of
small tunas
Structure of FAO – WECAFC & contributions to management
{Source: http://www.fao.org/fi/struct/struct.asp}
1) Shrimp and Groundfish Resources in the
Brazil-Guianas Shelf
2) Caribbean Spiny Lobster
3) Ad hoc Flyingfish Working Group of the
Eastern Caribbean
4) Ad hoc Working Group on Queen conch
5) The Lesser Antilles Ad hoc
Working Group on the Sustainable
Development of Moored FAD Fishing
Central FAO
Structure
WECAFC
Working Party on
Assessment of
Marine Resources
Working Party on
Fishery Economics
and Planning
Committee for the
Development and
Management of Fisheries in
the Lesser Antilles
Ad hoc Working Groups
and Special Meetings
CRFM Structure & contributions to
management & governance
Ministerial
Council
Fisheries
Forum
CRFM
Secretariat
1) Common Fisheries Policy
2) Declaration on IUU
Working groups & regular assessment &
management advice for:
1) Shrimp and groundfish resources
2) Lobster and conch resources
3) Reef and slope fish resources
4) Small coastal pelagic fish resources
5) Large pelagic fish resources, &
6) Data, methods & training
Several other clusters of activity at regional &
national levels, e.g.
1) Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
2) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America
and the Caribbean (UNECLAC)
3) United Nations Environment Programme-Caribbean
Environment Programme
4) Caribbean Fishery Management Council (CFMC)
5) Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
6) University of the West Indies (UWI)
7) National level (government and non-governmental
organizations)
THE CARIBEBAN SEA INITIATIVE (CSI)
1994 – Origins of the Initiative lie in Barbados Plan of Action adopted at the
UN Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island
Developing States (SIDs Conference)
1997 – A Caribbean Ministerial Council formulated proposal for “the
International recognition of the Caribbean Sea as a ‘Special Area’ in the
context of sustainable development”
1999-2008 - Several resolutions adopted by UN since then relate to Initiative’s
objectives
2008 – As part of the CSI, the Caribbean Sea Commission was established to
promote and oversee the sustainable use of the Caribbean Sea (25
member states, 3 associate member states, experts, permanent
members, including CARICOM, CTO, and UNECLAC)
Sources: ACS website (http://www.acs-aec.org),
Francis, 2006, “The World Today”
N. Girvan, 2002, ACS
THE CARIBEBAN SEA COMMISSION (CSC) –
potential contribution to ocean governance
- Mandate is supported by several sub-commissions
1) Adopted the LME Governance Framework as
working model for regional ocean governance
arrangements
2) First focus will be on living marine resources needed
for supporting livelihoods in fisheries, tourism and
domestic recreation, and for providing many other
ecosystem services
3) Based on partnership with CLME Project with focus
on transboundary living marine resources in the
Wider Caribbean Region
Source: Ambassador L.F. Andrade, 2010, ACS
Source: Ambassador L.F. Andrade, 2010, ACS
The potential CLME Project Contribution
GOAL: Sustainable provision of goods and services provided from the
shared living marine resources in the Wider Caribbean Region
through robust cooperative governance.
Project objectives:
1. To identify, analyse, and agree on major issues,
root causes and actions needed for sustainable management
of the shared living marine resources in the Caribbean LME
and its adjacent regions (Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis)
2. To improve the shared knowledge base for
sustainable use and management of transboundary living
marine resources.
3. To implement legal, policy and institutional (Strategic
Action Plan) reforms to achieve sustainable transboundary
living marine resource management.
4. To develop an institutional and procedural approach to LME
level monitoring, evaluation and reporting.
Source: Windevoxhel, UNOPS, 2010
The potential CLME Project Contribution (2)
Source: Windevoxhel, UNOPS, 2010
The potential CLME Project Contribution (4)
Source: Windevoxhel, UNOPS, 2010
The potential CLME Project Contribution (5)
Large pelagic pilot cycle
Lobster & conch
Flyingfish
Shrimp
Source: CLME brochure, CLME website
References
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•
•
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•
ACS website (http://www.acs-aec.org)
CARSEA 2007. Caribbean Sea Ecosystem Assessment (CARSEA). A sub-global component of the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), J. Agard, A. Cropper, K. Garcia, eds., Caribbean Marine
Studies, Special Edition, 2007
CRFM 2006. Report of Second Annual Scientific Meeting – Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 13-22
March 2006. CRFM Fishery Report - 2006, Volume 1. 188 p.
CRFM 2007. Volume 1. Report of the Third Annual Scientific Meeting – St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, 17-26 July 2007
CRFM 2008. Volume 1. Report of Fourth Annual Scientific Meeting – Kingstown, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, 10-20 June 2008
FAO 2006. Report of the Fifth Regional Workshop on the Assessment and Management of the
Caribbean Spiny Lobster. Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, 19-29 September 2006. FAO Fisheries Report No.
826. Rome, 99 pp.
FAO 2007. Regional Workshop on the Monitoring and Management of Queen Conch, Strombus
gigas. Kingston, Jamaica, 1–5 May 2006. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 832. Rome, 174p.
FAO 2009. The State of World Fisheries & Aquaculture 2008. Rome . 196 pp.
Francis, 2006, “The World Today” The Caribbean Sea Initiative
Girvan, N. 2002, ACS:The Caribbean Sea Is Special; The Gretaer Caribbean This
Week
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION