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APES FALL FINAL REVIEW 2012 GARRETT HARDIN TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS OPT FOR THE IMMEDIATE BENEFIT WE WILL ALWAYS ADD ONE TOO MANY SHEEP TO THE FIELD, DESTROYING THE COMMONS SAND COUNTY ALMANAC ALDO LEOPOLD LAND ETHICS FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS CHEMICAL ENERGY --> MECHANICAL ENERGY --> HEAT ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER CARBON MAIN COMPONENT IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMBINES WITH OXYGEN TO FORM CO2 LARGEST SINK IN OCEANS CORAL REEFS HOW HUMANS INTERFERE IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE BURNING FOSSIL FUELS DESTROYING FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, WETLANDS AGRICULTURE- ADDS NITROGEN TO AQUATIC SYSTEMS AND RELEASES NOX LIVESTOCK WASTE AND COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS REMOVE FROM TOPSOIL WHEN WE HARVEST N-RICH CROPS (clover, soybeans, peas and beans) END PRODUCTS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION LACTIC ACID METHANE ETHYL ALCOHOL HYDROGEN SULFIDE NATURAL SELECTION ENHANCED SURVIVAL OF THOSE INDIVIDUALS WITH FAVORABLE ACQUIRED PHENOTYPIC TRAITS CHARLES DARWIN 13 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FINCHES 2 WAYS HUMANS INTERFERE WITH THE CARBON CYCLE BURNING FOSSIL FUELS DEFORESTATION GENE FLOW SPREAD OF ALLELES/GENES THROUGH A POPULATION OVER A PERIOD OF SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS EQUATOR RECEIVES THE MOST DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY DOLDRUMS LOW PRESSURE LOTS OF RAIN CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER THE END PRODUCT OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHAT IS NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ENDANGERED ANIMALS GRIZZLY BEAR PANDA BEAR ORANGUTAN LEATHERBACK SEA TURTLE SNOW LEOPARD POLAR BEAR MOUNTAIN GORILLA BLUE WHALE CITES ORGANIZATION THAT PROHIBITS INTERNATIONAL TRADE/SALE OF THREATENED/ENDANGERED SPECIES NITROGEN FIXATION BACTERIA IN SOIL AND BLUE-GREEN ALGAE COMBINE GASEOUS N2 WITH HYDROGEN TO MAKE NH3 BACTERIA USE SOME OF AMMONIA FOR NUTRITION AND EXCRETE THE REST TO THE SOIL WHICH IS THEN CONVERTED INTO NH4+ THAT IS USED BY PLANTS NITRIFICATION AMMONIA NOT TAKEN UP BY PLANTS IS CONVERTED TO NITRATE IONS BY BACTERIA AMMONIFICATION SPECIALIZED BACTERIA CONVERT DEAD MATERIAL AND WASTE INTO NH3 AND NH4+ DENITRIFICATION BACTERIA IN WET ENVIRONMENTS CONVERT THE NH3 AND NH4 BACK INTO NO3+ AND NO2+ ION, AND THEN BACK INTO N2 AND N2O THE LAST STEP IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE AND THEN IT REPEATS! MITIGATION BANKING ALLOWING DESTRUCITON OF WETLANDS PROVIDING THAT A LARGER WETLAND AREA WILL BE CREATED HIPPCO HABITAT DESTRUCTION, DEGRADATION, FRAGMENTATION INVASIVE SPECIES POLLUTION POPULATION GROWTH CLIMATE CHANGE OVEREXPLOITATION THREATS TO THE WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY GREENHOUSE GASES METHANE NITROUS OXIDE WATER VAPOR CARBON DIOXIDE CFC OZONE (GROUND LEVEL) RESOURCE PARTITIONING SHARING OF A RESOURCE BY UTILIZING DIFFERENT PARTS OF IT. BIRDS EATING FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE TREE EL NIÑO WARMING OF SURFACE WATER IN THE PACIFIC OFF THE COAST OF SA TRADE WINDS WEAKEN A STRONG EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFIC DECREASED UPWELLING EVENTS DROUGHT IN INDONESIA AND BRAZIL REDUCTION IN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY BY THE PHYTOPLANKTON AND A DECLINE IN FISH POPULATION FLOODING IN PERU MUTUALISM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT SPECIES IN WHICH BOTH BENEFIT ANTS AND THE ACACIA TREE RHINO AND OXPECKER ALGAE AND CORAL BACTERIA IN THE INTESTINES OF COW PRIMARY SUCCESSION NO SOIL GLACIER RETREAT, BARREN ROCK LICHEN, MOSS, SMALL HERBS, SHRUBS, PINES, HARDWOODS OCCURS SLOWLY ABIOTIC FACTORS NUTRIENTS WATER ROCKS DISSOLVED OXYGEN TEMPERATURE SALINITY NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS CARBON ADAPTATIONS OF DESERT PLANTS TOXINS IN SKIN STORE WATER IN EXPANDABLE TISSUE REDUCED LEAVES, OR NONE AT ALL SPINES OPEN PORES ONLY AT NIGHT RESULTS OF EVERGLADES DEGRADATION 90% OF WADING BIRDS HAVE DISAPPEARED ALGAL BLOOMS COVER ABOUT 40% OF BAY LESS THAN HALF ITS ORIGINAL SIZE DEER/TURTLE/VERTEBRATE POPS HAVE DECREASED 75-95% FLORIDA BAY IS SALTIER/WARMER CORAL REEFS/TOURISM THREATENED CERP (COMPREHENSIVE EVERGLADES RESTORATION PLAN) WHAT ARE HURRICANES? MOST DESTRUCTIVE 74 STORM SURGE NORTHEAST QUADRANT EQUATORIAL LOCATIONS 1-5 saffir-simpson COUNTERCLOCKWISE WINDS GRASSLANDS PRAIRIES WINDY RAPID EVAPORATION FIRES IN SUMMER AND FALL TREE GROWTH HINDERED BENTHIC ORGANISMS OYSTERS CLAMS STARFISH LOBSTER SPONGES SEA SQUIRTS EUTROPHIC LAKE LAKE WITH LOTS OF NUTRIENTS SHALLOW, MURKY WATER CAN OCCUR NATURALLY AS WELL AS ANTHROPOGENICALLY What is the doubling formula? T= 70/r If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how many years will it take to double its population? T= 70/2 = 35 years PHYSICAL REACTIONS TEARING PAPER CUTTING GRASS MELTING, CONDENSING, FREEZING, EVAPORATING EXPONENTIAL GROWTH STARTS SLOWLY THEN RAPIDLY INCREASES HUMAN POPULATION J CURVE DEFORESTATION IN TROPICAL FORESTS #1 CAUSE OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION RELEASES CO2 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE CAUSES EROSION, LOSS OF NUTRIENTS KEYSTONE SPECIES KRILL BEAVER SEA OTTER GRAY WOLF BATS AND OTHER POLLINATORS AMERICAN ALLIGATOR PHOSPHORUS MINING WASTE, SEWAGE , FERTILIZERS AND DETERGENTS LIMITING FACTOR FOR PLANT GROWTH IN LAKES RELEASED FROM VOLCANOES, FOREST FIRES USED TO MAKE ADP AND ATP FOUND IN OCEAN SEDIMENTS, FOSSILS OF BONES AND GUANO, UNDERGROUND RX AND MINERALS DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACORS DISEASE COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES PREDATION PARASITISM K- SPECIES FEW OFFSPRING LARGE OFFSPRING PROVIDE EXTENSIVE PARENTAL CARE SPECIALISTS INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPETING FOR THE SAME RESOURCES REASONS WOMEN HAVE LESS CHILDREN JOBS EDUCATION CONTRACEPTIVES AVAILABLE PENSIONS AVAILABLE LOWER INFANT MORTALITY RATE INVASIVE SPECIES CANE TOAD PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE KUDZU SEA LAMPREY ZEBRA MUSSEL EUROPEAN STARLING NUTRIA NILE PERCH BIRDS INDICATOR SPECIES EASY TO TRACK AND COUNT LIVE IN EVERY CLIMATE AND BIOME HOW A POPULAION IS AFFECTED BY AIDS LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE, YOUNG WORKERS DECREASE LIFE EXPECTANCY LOSS OF ADULTS TO SUPPORT THE YOUNG AND ELDERLY RAINSHADOW EFFECT MOUNTAINS MORE RAIN ON THE WINDWARD SIDE CREATES DESERTS ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF MOUNTAINS SYNERGY WHEN THE IMPACT OF TWO COMBINED FACTORS IS GREATER THAN EACH INDIVIDUAL FACTOR 4 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY RELIANCE ON SOLAR ENERGY BIODIVERSITY NUTRIENT CYCLING POPULATION CONTROL TROPICAL RAIN FOREST HIGH NET PRODUCTIVITY LITTLE NUTRIENTS IN SOIL LOW LEVELS OF GROUND LEVEL SUNLIGHT HIGH BIODIVERSITY HIGH HUMIDITY DEFORESTATION DUE TO CATTLE GRAZING, PLANTATION CROPS LIMITING FACTORS FACTORS THAT LIMIT THE GROWTH, ABUNDANCE OR DISTRIBUTION OF A POPULATION ABIOTIC FACTORS NUTRIENTS, SUNLIGHT, SPACE, WATER, RESOURCES CLIMATE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMING WHICH BIOME IS FOUND WHERE GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT AN ORGANISM TAKES IN GULF STREAM WARM WATER CURRENT IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WARMS EUROPE’S CLIMATE DESTRUCTION/DEGRADATION OF DESERTS OVERGRAZING CLIMATE-CHANGED DROUGHT SUVS BREAKING SURFACE CRUST HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH RESULT IS DUST STORMS BENEFITS OF MICROORGANISMS PURIFY WATER PRODUCE FOOD BREAK DOWN FOOD IN OUR INTESTINES CONTROL DISEASES OF PLANTS PART OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE DECOMPOSERS REASONS FOR THE EXTINCTION OF THE GOLDEN TOAD CHYTRID FUNGUS CLIMATE TOO DRY DEFORESTATION SMALL RANGE HEAVY DEPENDENCE ON MOISTURE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER DESERTS LITTLE RAIN ADAPTATIONS TO SAVE WATER VERY FRAGILE ECOSYSTEM PLANT GROWTH SLOW LOW SPECIES DIVERSITY SLOW NUTRIENT CYCLING (LITTLE BACTERIA IN THE SOIL) SOILS TAKE HUNDREDS OF YEARS TO RECOVER CARBON DIOXIDE DEFORESTATION GREENHOUSE GAS RELEASED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST MOST DAMAGED BIOME WHERE WE LIVE SEASONS, VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE MANY TREES LOOSE LEAVES IN WINTER TO SAVE ENRGY ENERGY PYRAMID 10% TRANSFER OF ENERGY 90% LOSS OF ENERGY FLOW OF ENERGY SEA BREEZE CREATED BY DIFFERENT SPECIFIC HEATS OF LAND AND WATER WIND COMING FROM THE OCEAN AIR MOVING FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS WHENEVER ENERGY CONVERSIONS OCCUR, WE ALWAYS END UP WITH LESS USABLE ENERGY TROPHIC LEVELS- ONLY 10% OF ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED SPECIATION OCCURS DUE TO GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION 2 SPECIES ARISE FROM ONE CORAL REEFS POLYPS REMOVE CO2 FROM ATMOSPHERE ZOOXANTHELLAE ACT AS NATURAL BARRIERS JOBS AND BUILDING MATERIALS FISHING AND TOURISM INDUSTRIES AQUATIC LIFE ZONES SALTWATER (MARINE) FRESHWATER NEKTON FISH TURTLES SWIMMING CONSUMERS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE TRAPPING OF HEAT ENERGY BY MOLECULES IN THE ATMOSPHERE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE DEEP, CLEAR LAKES WITH STEEP BANKS THAT HAVE A SMALL SUPPLY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS 23.3 YEARS How many years will it take for a population to double if its growth rate is 3.0%? LITTORAL ZONE zone of nutrient-rich water near the shore LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY IN LAKE VICTORIA INCREASE IN NILE PERCH ALGAL BLOOMS FROM NUTRIENT RUNOFF FROM FARMS INCREASED POVERTY DEPELTED FORESTS=INCREASED RUNOFF