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Projects for Developing Ecosystem Indicators SC Marine Resources Charleston, SC Estuarine Projects The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program Objectives: Monitor the quality of all South Carolina estuaries • Water and Sediment Quality • Biological Condition Develop integrated measures of habitat condition Report findings to the public in understandable formats Sampling Components Water Quality • • • • Continuous monitoring for salinity, DO, pH, temp Nutrients (total & dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus) BOD, fecal coliform bacteria, metals Phytoplankton (Chl-a) Sediment Quality • • Contaminants (85 analytes) Toxicity (3 assays) Biological Condition • • • Benthos Phytoplankton composition Finfish and crustaceans Indicator Development Water Quality • • Selected 6 primary measures (DO, pH, TN,TP, Chla, fecal coliform bacteria) Each scored and scores averaged for integrated water quality measure Sediment Quality • • • • Selected 24 priority pollutants with known bioeffects data Developed integrated measure of contaminant concentration (ERM-Quotient) Scored ERM-Q by published benthic effects ranges Scored toxicity assays by number of assays with “hits” Biological Condition • Used Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) for biological response Indicator Development Overall habitat quality • Averaged scores of each subcomponent into an • integrated score for overall habitat quality Each component weighted equally For more information on approach: http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/marine/scecap/ Or Google SCECAP Overall Index of Habitat Quality Water Quality Sediment Quality Biological Condition Integrated Habitat Quality Score 2001 - 2002 Percent of Total Habitat 100 2% 15% 80 22% 24% SCECAP Criteria Poor 60 83% 76% 40 Fair Good 20 0 Open Creeks Overall Habitat Quality Score Program Benefits SCECAP provides good data on condition of the State’s coastal habitat • • • Includes nursery habitats not previously monitored Provides estimate of proportion of state’s waters that meet or don’t meet desired conditions Provides data useful for assessing estuarine drainage systems as as an ecosystem unit Incorporates new integrated measures of habitat condition • For water quality, sediment quality, overall habitat condition Utilizes resources of multiple state and federal agencies Projects on Continental Shelf Marine A Resources Monitoring Assessment Prediction Baited Hook (1977-2004) Trap (1977-2004) Trawl (1973-1987) Plankton (1973-1983) South East Area Monitoring & Assessment Program Annual Trawl Survey 1989-Present SEAMAP-SA (SouthEast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program) (South Atlantic) Shallow Water Trawl Survey The Shallow Water Trawl Survey • Funded by NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service – State / Federal Cooperation – Cape Hatteras, NC to Cape Canaveral, FL • Provides fisheries managers with long-term data – Fishery-independent – Monitor stocks year after year – Able to provide historic data on a broad range of species • Only long-term trawl survey of near-shore South Atlantic Bight – Data from 1986 to present SEAMAP Stations Types of Data • Annual / Seasonal/ Regional Species occurrence Species abundance Biomass • Life History Age-growth Maturity • Hydrographic Data Salinity Temperature Wave height Data Use • Stock Assessments Atlantic Croaker Weakfish Bluefish Spanish and King Mackerel Horseshoe crab • Life History Age-Length Keys • Hydrographic Data Abundance relationship to temperature and salinity Southeast Shelf Ecosystem: SCDNR Offshore Fisheries Research and Monitoring Cape Hatteras Marine Resources Research Institute, SCDNR South Carolina Charleston Bump Blake Spur Blake Plateau Cape Canaveral What We Know: MARMAP Sampling 1973 - 2004 Baited Hook (1977-2004) Trap (1977-2004) Trawl (1973-1987) Plankton (1973-1983) MARMAP: Marine Resources, Assessment & Prediction Samples from 1973 - present MARMAP Trawl Survey, 1973-1980 MARMAP Trawl Survey, 1973-1980 MARMAP Trawl Data 1973-1987 (Yankee and Fly Nets) 1 Forage Fishes Taxa: Ammodytidae Argentinidae Branchiostomatidae Clupeidae Engraulidae Mugilidae Myctophidae Decapterus spp. 2001-2003 Charleston Gyre Charleston Bump 2005—Deployment of Satellite-Tracked Drifters on Deep Reef Spawning Grounds (Winter and Summer) Where do the eggs and larvae go? Spawning Locations in Relation to Proposed MPA Sites off SC What We Know: MARMAP: Marine Resources, Assessment & Prediction Hydrocast & CTD Samples From 1973 - Present SEA-GeoFish Database = Black Sea Bass = Snowy Grouper http://ekman.csc.noaa.gov/seageofish/seageofish.htm "SEAGeoFISH" Ocean Observing Systems "SABSOON" http://www.skio.peachnet.edu/research/sabsoon/fishwatch/ Regional Outreach and Education Linkages EcoGenomics: Examining ecosytem dynamics and species within communities. Functional Genomics paradigm STIMULUS RESPONSE PHYSIOLOGICAL •Hormonal, •Metabolic SYSTEMIC: •Development? •Differentiation? INFECTION IMMUNITY: •Survival? •Mortality? ENVIRONMENT •Physical, •Chemical, •Biological stress GENOME GENE EXPRESSION STRESS: •Physiological? •Pathological? Marine Organisms as Vectors of Disease Pathogens Stressor • O2 • pH • Metals • PAHs Host C. virginica Pathogen Vibrio campbellii Oyster Measurements: In vivo fate of V. campbellii Physiological responses Immunological responses • Transcriptional responses (w/ Marine Genomics Core) • Metals & PAH tissue loads (w/ Chemistry Core) Analysis (w/ Data Management Team) The Approach Laboratory Experiments Field Tests Monitoring, Assessment, And Prediction Lab Experiments Controlled Exposures Cd, Cu, Zn, Pathogens Microarrays Physiological Assessment Chemical Analysis Pathogens Data Management ANN and other Analysis Tools Monitoring, Assessment And Prediction Benefits • Early Warning of Stress- Genome responds in minutes to hours • Duration of response can be as long as the duration of the stress • Can detect any type of stress • Provides the connection between the stressor and the organism response Selection of indicators depends on the questions to be answered. What are the questions that need to be answered in evaluations of ecosystem condition? What are the attributes to measure that provide answers to these questions? How are the attributes measured (what indicator to use)? Indicators Environment Resources Ecosystem Services Society