Transcript Endangered, Extinct, Endemic & Exotic Species

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STRATEGISTS
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INTRODUCED (ALIEN OR INVADER)
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ENDANGERED
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EXTINCT
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NATIVE
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INDICATOR
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KEYSTONE
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ENDEMIC
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SPECIALIST & GENERALIST
 The cost of reproduction

increase reproduction may decrease survival
 age at first reproduction
 investment per offspring
 number of reproductive cycles per lifetime
AP Biology
Natural selection
favors a life history
that maximizes
lifetime
reproductive
success
K-strategists
R-strategists
Few offspring
Many offspring
Long life span
Short life span
Care for young
Do not nurture young
Late to reproduce
Quick to reproduce
Reproduce multiple
times
Reproduce usually
once
Coconut trees, primates Dandelions, most
Number & size of offspring
vs.
Survival of offspring or parent
r-selected
K-selected
“Of course, long before you mature,
most of you will be eaten.”
AP Biology
INTRODUCED SPECIES
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NOT NORMALLY FOUND IN A GIVEN
ECOSYSTEM
MAY BE INTRODUCED ACCIDENTALLY.
EXAMPLE: ZEBRA MUSSEL LARVAE IN SHIPS
BILGE. BILGES WERE CLEANED IN THE GREAT
LAKES. ZEBRA MUSSELS NOW THRIVE IN
GREAT LAKES.
INTRODUCED INTENTIONALLY. EXAMPLE:
SALT CEDAR INTRODUCED FOR EROSION
CONTROL AND IS NOW INVASIVE
Salt cedar in Texas
drain water resources
Zebra mussels wash ashore
off Lake Erie
reduces diversity
loss of food &
nesting sites for
animals
economic damage

Red Cedar invasive in
Oklahoma
• To destroy red cedars, they must be cut,
then burned.
GMO’s & MONOCULTURES
• IN AGRICULTURE &
HORTICULTURE, THESE PLANT
SPECIES USUALLY REQUIRE
MORE FERTILIZERS AND
PESTICIDES, WHICH CAN LEAD TO
RUN-OFF INTO SOIL AND
WATERWAYS.
 Endangered species – so few that they will likely
become extinct

limitations to range / habitat
 Change in environment (natural & man made)
 Introduced species
 Hunting
Iiwi
Hawaiia
n
bird
Catalina
Island
mahogan
y
tree
Devil’s
hole
pupfish
Socorr
o
isopod
Iriomote
cat
New Guinea
tree
kangaroo
Northern white
rhinoceros
Extinct Animals
DoDo Bird (endemic to island of Mauritius)
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Extinct since mid to
late 17th century
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Lived on one tiny
island
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Flightless
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Introduced species
(dogs & pigs)
CO-EVOLUTION
AND
CO-EXTINCTION
• With the extinction of
the dodo came the end
of the Calvaria tree
because it relied on the
dodo to spread its
seeds. When the dodo
ate the fruit from the
tree, it couldn't digest it
and would poop it out.
This is how the seeds
were spread. No dodo
droppings - no Calvaria
tree.
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Once most common
bird in North
America
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Flocks with more
than a billion birds
took several days to
pass by
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Last one died 1914
in a zoo
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Hunted to extinction
Change in environment thought to
have caused extinctions
• INDICATOR SPECIES Organisms whose presence or
absence is indicative of the health
of an ecosystem as a whole.
Leopard frogs once found
throughout wetlands in the
U.S.
Selaginella Moss in
Alaskan rain forest
Keystone Species
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Keystone species- a species that plays a role in
its community that is far more important than its
relative abundance might suggest.
SEA
OTTERS
endemic species
• Organisms found only
in a specific area
• May be pathogens
(maleria is endemic to
tropics)
CLASSIFICATION OF
SPECIES BY NICHE
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SPECIALISTS: ONLY OCCUPY FEW NICHES.
HAVE NARROW TOLERANCE FOR CHANGE IN
ENVIRONMENT AND/OR FOOD. LESS
COMPETITION. PRONE TO EXTINCTION WITH
EVEN SMALL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES.
EXAMPLE: KOALA
GENERALISTS: OCCUPY BROAD RANGE OF
NICHES. BROADER TOLERANCE FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. MORE
COMPETITION. BETTER ADAPTORS. EXAMPLE:
CRABS
SPECIALISTS
Koalas eat only
eucalyptus leaves
which are low in
protein, hard to digest
and have compounds
that are toxic to most
species.
GENERALISTS
CRABS WILL EAT
snails, mussels,
clams, other crabs,
isopods, barnacles,
algae & more. CRABS
Crabs compete CAN LIVE in estuaries,
with birds, fish & the rocky intertidal
other
region and sandy
crustaceans
beach areas.