Transcript What are limiting factors?

Biosphere:
This is the portion of the Earth that supports
living things.
The climates, soils, plants, and animals
in one part of the world can be very
different from those in other parts of the
world.
Abiotic Factors
• The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
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Air currents
Temperature
Moisture
Light
Soil
Climate
pH
Fire
Water is needed to carry
out all life processes.
Water Video Clip
 Air is a combination
of nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and a
few trace elements
Air Video Clip
Soil is a combination of decomposing
organisms, minerals, and moisture
Its characteristics depend on the amount
of rainfall and the temperature
Soil Video Clip
 The range of temperatures in an area determines
the organisms that live there
 The seasons on earth are determined by the
distance of the earth from the sun
 The tilt of the earth toward or away from the sun
affects temperature
Heat Video Clip
Sunlight is reflected, transmitted, and
absorbed by the earth
Sunlight controls the temperatures on earth
Light Video Clip
Sunlight is 5 times more intense at the
equator than the poles
Since less sunlight hits the poles, it is colder
there
List all 5 abiotic factors
*Remember- “a” means not
“biotic” means living
Biotic Factors
• Living organisms
• in the environment
• are biotic factors.
Levels of Organization
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Organism
Population
Community
Ecosytem
Biosphere
Organism=Living Thing
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Organism
Population
Community
Ecosytem
Biosphere
Mr. Sefcheck is an organism
Population- all individuals of the
same organism living in an area.
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Organism
Population
Community
Ecosytem
Biosphere
Population Video
A population of Sefchecks
Community- populations of different
organisms living in an area.
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Organism
Population
Community
Ecosytem
Biosphere
Community Video
Ecosystem- consists of communities
and abiotic factors
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Communities
Elephants
Giraffes
Zebras
All living
together
Abiotic factors
soil
water
sunlight
• African grasslands
• This is an example of
• an
• Ecosystem
Biosphere- made of all ecosystems
on earth.
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Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
water
shelter
space
food
Habitat Video
• What is a biotic factor?
What is an abiotic factor?
What is a
habitat?
List 4 parts of a habitat.
Give an example
Of the following:
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
Population Growth
Limiting Factors
• What are limiting factors?
• Factors that can limit the growth of
organisms.
• What limiting factors may exist within an
ecosystem?
– Light
– Water
– Soil pH
• Draw an age structure diagram of a population that
is decreasing in size.
• What is carrying capacity? Can it ever change?
• What is exponential growth?
• What is logistic growth?
• What is the boom and bust cycle
• What is the difference between density dependent
and density independent factors?
• A niche is all strategies and adaptations a
species uses in its environment. It is all the
interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts
of its habitat.
• These are large regions with a distinct climate and
specific life forms. E.g. Desert, grassland. Each
biome may have many ecosystems with
communities adapted to the changes in soil,
climate and other factors throughout the biome.
• Terrestrial ecosystems are found on land.
• The marine and freshwater portions of the
biosphere are divided into aquatic life zones.
What is ecology? (oikos = house or place to life; logos = study of)
Ecology is the study of the way living things interact with each other
and their physical surroundings. It looks at the ways an organism is
molded by its surroundings, how they make use of these
surroundings, and how the area is altered by the presence and
activities of organisms.
These interactions involve energy and matter, which must flow
through the organism if it is to stay alive.
Biodiversity is the genetic diversity, species diversity and
ecological diversity that are so important to life on this planet. It is
the result of adaptations that have evolved over billions of years
due to environmental changes in the Earth’s past.
Survival Relationships
• Most species survive because of the
relationships they have with other species.
Predator-Prey Video
Pesticides Video
Symbiosis
• The relationship in which there is a close and
permanent association between organisms of
different species.
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It means “living together”.
There are three types of symbiosis:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
• A symbiotic relationship in which both
species benefit from each other.
• Ex. Lichen= algae + fungus
• (Alice algae and Freddy fungus had a lichen
for each other)
Commensalism
• A symbiotic relationship in which one
species benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor benefited.
• Ex. Moss growing on a tree trunk.
Parasitism
• A symbiotic relationship in which a member
of one species derives benefit at the expense
of another species.
• Ex. A dog with ticks.
Elephantitis
How Organisms Obtain Energy
• An organism that uses
light energy or energy
stored in chemicals to
make energy-rich
compounds are known
as autotrophs.
• Ex. Photoautotrophs
• Ex. Chemoautotrophs
• An organism that
cannot make its own
food and feeds on
other organisms is
called a heterotroph.
• A heterotroph that
feeds only on plants is
called a herbivore.
• Heterotrophs that eat
other heterotrophs are
called carnivores.
• Scavengers eat already
dead animals.
• Decomposers(detrivores) break down the
complex compounds of dead and decaying
plants and animals into simpler molecules
that can be more easily absorbed.
• Ex. Fungus and bacteria
Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
• A food chain is a simple model that are used to
show how matter and energy move through an
ecosystem.
• Autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers
(detrivores)
• Each organism in a food chain represents a
feeding step known as a trophic level.
Food Chain Video
Ex of Trophic Levels
• Starts with producers
• A first order heterotroph (= primary) is an
organism that feeds on plants.
• Ex. grasshopper
• A second order heterotroph (=secondary)is
an organism that feeds on the first order
heterotrophs.
• Ex. The bird that feeds on the grasshopper.
• A third order heterotroph (=tertiary) feeds
on the second order heterotroph also known
as a carnivore.
• A fourth order hetertroph (=quaternary) is
an organism that feeds on a third order
hetertroph.
Food Webs
• A food web shows all the possible feeding
relationships at each trophic level in a
community.
Energy Pyramids
• An energy pyramid shows how energy
flows through an ecosystem.
• The amount of available
energy decreases at each
succeeding trophic level.
• The total energy transfer
from one trophic level to
the next is only ten
percent because organisms
fail to capture and eat all
the food energy available
at the trophic level below
them.
Energy Pyramid Video
Heat is NOT recycled!
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation = Liquid water becomes water
vapor.
• Transpiration = Water given off by plants
through their leaves (stomata).
• Precipitation = Water vapor becomes liquid
water or snow.
Water Cycle Video
Transpiration
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrification = bacteria change unuseable nitrogen into
useable for plants.
• Denitrification = bacteria change useable nitrogen back
into atmospheric nitrogen.
• Ammonia (nitrates) = most common nitrigen containing
molecule given off by organisms as a waste product
(through their urine).
• Protein = nitrogen containing molecule found and needed
in organism.
Nitrogen Cycle
The Carbon dioxide-Oxygen Cycle
• Heterotrophs give off carbon dioxide.
• and take in oxygen.
• Autotrophs give off oxygen and take in
carbon dioxide.
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Video
The Greenhouse Effect
Satellite GOES 6 monitors infrared
reflected by Earth
The Ozone Hole
The Phosphate Cycle