Transcript TAKS Objective III

Objective III: Set 1
The diagram above represents a virus with its surface markers.
The diagrams below show various animal cells with receptor sites.
Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus?
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an
invading virus?
A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstream
B Fermentation of acids in the digestive system
C Destruction of cells by viral reproduction
D Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses?
A Silica
B Genetic material
C Digestive cavity
D Flagella
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have
an increased risk of dying from secondary infections. Which of these
best explains how HIV increases the danger of secondary
infections?
A HIV produces antigens that damage red blood cells.
B HIV adds genetic material from harmful microbes.
C HIV destroys helper T cells.
D HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the body.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS
(severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person
coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to the
transmission of—
F smallpox
G AIDS
H West Nile virus
J influenza
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
All of the following symptoms are likely associated with bacterial
infection except —
F skin rashes or lesions
G elevated body temperature
H swollen glands or tissues
J increased red blood cell count
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive
process?
A The bacterium Escherichia coli
B The fungus Trichophyton rubrum
C The protozoan Entamoeba coli
D The algae Fucus vesiculosus
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects.
These side effects are most often the result of —
F bacteria being killed in the digestive tract
G the antibiotics being converted into stomach acids
H too much water being drawn into the digestive tract
J the stomach wall being torn
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Many species of bacteria can be found in the human mouth.
Which of these explains the great variety of bacteria in the
mouth?
F Large volumes of air cause bacteria to change form.
G Salivary glands cause mutations in bacterial populations.
H The presence of nutrients makes the mouth a favorable
habitat.
J Calcium in the teeth provides a suitable pH environment.
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a
predator population?
F Fewer prey
G A reduction in competition
H More parasites
J A period of drought
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
A man treated his home with a pesticide that kills roaches. The first
application of the pesticide killed 92% of the roaches. Two months
later he applied the pesticide to his home again, but the second
application killed only 65% of the roaches. What would best
explain the decrease in the effectiveness of the pesticide?
F The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches.
G Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught
others.
H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide,
and that resistance was inherited by their offspring.
J The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to
mutate and metabolize the pesticide.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of
the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which
range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an
advantage for a member of this order?
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish. Scientists
observed that the average size of guppies in a pond decreased
over a few years after a guppy predator was introduced into the
pond. Which of the following best explains the change in guppy
size?
F Speciation
G Convergent evolution
H Inbreeding
J Natural selection
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
This relationship is an example of —
A predation
B parasitism
C mutualism
D commensalism
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an oak tree.
This type of interaction is —
F mutualistic
G commensalistic
H competitive
J parasitic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)
became established throughout much of the southern United States.
One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms
that are —
A mutualistic with fire ant queens
B nurtured by fire ant workers
C preyed on by fire ant drones
D parasitic to fire ant larvae
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering plant. In this
process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to
other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering
plants can be described as —
F commensal
G predatory
H parasitic
J mutualistic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which word best describes the fungus in the situation above?
A Predator
B Producer
C Parasite
D Decomposer
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which organisms in this food web can be described as both
primary and secondary consumers?
F Hawks
G Weasels
H Raccoons
J Mice
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they —
A both live on land
B are both large mammals
C both eat primary consumers
D have similar hunting patterns
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Approximately how much of the energy
available in the tissues of the producer is
eventually incorporated into the tissues of a
secondary consumer?
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this food chain, the spiders are —
A producers
B primary consumers
C competitors
D secondary consumers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
A person living near this pond wants to reduce the mosquito
population. The mosquito population included in this food web could
be reduced by —
A planting more duckweed
B catching more minnows
C removing some martin houses
D adding more shelter for frogs
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore?
F Caterpillar
G Mouse
H Ant
J Fly larva
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid
is primarily the result of the difference in —
F food choices of individual niches
G oceanic zones of habitat
H the amount of food energy at each trophic level
J the relative heights of the organisms
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these
does the picture demonstrate?
F Photosynthesis occurring
G Wood regenerating
H Decomposers growing
J Genes transforming
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The first equation represents photosynthesis. Plants use energy from sunlight to
produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The second equation
represents aerobic respiration. Plants and animals release stored energy in a reaction
between sugar molecules and oxygen. This reaction produces carbon dioxide and
water.
Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis and
respiration?
AQ
BR
CS
DT
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
This seed is best dispersed by —
A water
B birds
C wind
D insects
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of these characteristics might help a plant
species survive in an area with limited sunlight?
F Bright flowers
G Large leaves
H Short stems
J Thick cuticles
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following characteristics could help short plants
survive in areas with limited sunlight?
F Broad leaf surfaces
G Brightly colored flowers
H Thick stems
J Shallow roots
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than any other plant in the
desert. How are deep roots an adaptation for survival in the desert?
F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators.
G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the desert surface.
H Roots can extend great distances to reach water.
J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria below the surface.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following is an adaptation most likely observed in
plants growing along Aransas Bay?
A Sensitivity to green light
B Tolerance of saltwater
C Extension of root length
D Resistance to predation
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Cacti grow slowly compared to most other plants. The fact that
cacti keep their stomata closed for much of the day can help
explain this growth characteristic. Which of these best
explains the advantage of keeping stomata closed during the
day?
F It limits water loss through transpiration.
G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis.
H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant systems.
J It protects plant tissues from predators.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Objective III: Set 2
Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the followin
are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells
G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor cells
J Red blood cells
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses —
F cause insect-borne diseases
G can be destroyed by antibiotics
H have rigid cell walls
J must be reproduced in living cells
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both —
F store genetic information in nucleic acids
G have a crystalline structure
H gain energy directly from the sun
J use glucose for respiration
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of these events is most likely to cause a widespread
influenza outbreak?
F People in northern regions are affected by weather patterns.
G The influenza virus is recognized by host immune systems.
H Global warming causes increased winter precipitation.
J People lack immunity to a new strain of flu virus.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Why is Sendai virus used as a vaccine against HPIV-1?
A It alters the protein coat of HPIV-1.
B It makes cells chemically unrecognizable to HPIV-1.
C It forms a protective barrier against HPIV-1.
D It triggers the production of antibodies that fight HPIV-1.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply?
A Chloroplasts from a host cell
B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus
C New ADP from a host cell
D A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of the following cannot metabolize nutrients?
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with —
F growth
G defense
H digestion
J respiration
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Which of the following factors helps spread diseasecausing bacteria?
F Low temperatures
G Access to new hosts
H Mutation by heat energy
J Availability of light
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous animals. Their diet
includes cellulose, which must be fermented before it can be
digested. Which of these aid in the fermentation of cellulose in
a cow’s digestive system?
F Bacteria
G Fungi
H Algae
J Viruses
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
A study shows that 40% to 100% of raw poultry is contaminated
by disease-causing bacteria. Which of the following activities
provides people the best protection from these bacteria?
F Rinsing dishes thoroughly
G Eating a balanced diet daily
H Visiting a doctor regularly
J Cooking foods properly
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain
and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics.
Streptococcus is a—
F virus
G bacterium
H protozoan
J fungus
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
The table shows a comparison of some amino acids
found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that
are most closely related are —
A Q and T
B R and S
C Q and R
D Q and S
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a
protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two
organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the —
A silkworm moth and the fruit fly
B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly
C fruit fly and the screwworm fly
D fruit fly and the hornworm moth
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
The diagram illustrates how some
characteristics of the horse have
changed over time. Along with the
difference in size, what is another
anatomical difference between the
modern horse and its ancestors?
F The structure of the tooth has
been adapted for eating meat.
G The size of the molars has
decreased.
H The length of the forefoot has
decreased.
J The number of toes has
decreased.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates
and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and
birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However,
these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which
conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in
bird embryos?
A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds.
C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at —
F competing with birds
G making its own food
H hiding from predators
J running very rapidly
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of these conclusions can be
made based on the graphs shown
above?
A Larger mosquitoes have migrated
into the area.
B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten
by larger mosquitoes.
C A mosquito length of 2 cm has
become a disadvantage in this
environment.
D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3
cm have the longest life span.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments, such as salt
flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily
because of bacteria’s —
F biochemical diversity
G small sizes
H round shapes
J methods of movement
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
F Competition
G Extinction
H Predation
J Speciation
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white
marbles to show how populations of organisms can change. Which of the
following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration?
F Evolution of a predatory species
G Genetic drift accompanying natural selection
H Environmentally induced genetic mutations
J Immunity from virulent microorganisms
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of
European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit population.
Today the virus is not an effective control of the European rabbit
population. Fewer European rabbits are affected by the virus today
because they have—
F learned to avoid the virus
G moved away from infected areas
H undergone a change in diet
J developed resistance to the virus
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of the following is best supported by the information
shown above?
F These lizards evolved in arid habitats.
G Modern lizards drink more water than their ancestors did.
H These lizards cool themselves by evaporation.
J Modern lizards excrete more water than their ancestors did.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Energy used by producers in a grassland food web
is provided by —
F sunlight
G photosynthesis
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
In this food web, the bacteria probably
function as —
A producers
B herbivores
C decomposers
D carnivores
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in
trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food
pyramid?
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the
next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not
passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life
processes?
A It is given off as heat.
B It is stored as vitamins.
C It is used in reproduction.
D It is used in protein synthesis.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
Which diagram best shows how the amount of stored energy
changes going up a food chain?
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following
describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using
chemical herbicides?
A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed.
B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted.
C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased.
D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
The diagram above is intended to show relationships in an
ecosystem. What do the arrows represent?
F The direction of population migration
G Differences in dietary habits
H Progressively smaller organisms
J The direction of energy flow
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from
predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles
of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This
relationship is an example of —
A neutralism
B mutualism
C parasitism
D commensalism
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship?
A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog
B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar collecting wasp
C A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito
D An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants
that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment
from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of
nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction
is best described as —
A predatory
B parasitic
C commensalistic
D mutualistic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which of these best describes the relationship
between epiphytes and trees?
F Parasitism
G Migration
H Commensalism
J Predation
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an
aquatic environment?
F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria.
G Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the
fish digest food.
H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are
secondary consumers.
J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients
useful to fish.
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Insecticides help humans compete with insects for a resource.
Which resource is most likely to be preserved for humans
through the use of insecticides?
F Sunlight
G Water
H Food
J Air
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have
accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical
pollutant in their bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this food pyramid, which
level contains the greatest amount
of energy?
A Tertiary consumers
B Secondary consumers
C Primary consumers
D Producers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular
ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors?
F Group 1
G Group 2
H Group 3
J Group 4
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this diagram of a marine
food web, which term
describes the sea turtles?
A Aquatic herbivores
B Autotrophic producers
C Third-level consumers
D Primary decomposers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Which of these is a food web based on the relationships described above?
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced
years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have
experienced a dry period will —
F be softer
G grow at a faster rate
H be thinner
J photosynthesize at a faster rate
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy
and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash
in some animals. This substance is part of the Toxicodendron
species’—
F defense mechanisms
G nutritional processes
H support system
J clinging ability
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following leaf types is most likely to help a plant survive in
an arid habitat?
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of these structures
protects a leaf from drying out?
FQ
GR
HS
JT
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a cuticle. When some
plants are stressed by lack of water, their cuticle increases in
thickness. What does this action demonstrate?
A Alternation of generations in plants
B Structural response to the environment
C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants
D Genetic mutation induced by the environment
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These
species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of
each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the
water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp?
A They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water.
B They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm.
C They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight.
D They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.