Transcript parasite
Species Interactions Chapter 8 – Section 2 Habitat and Niche An organism’s habitat = where it lives; its address An organism’s niche = its role (job) in the environment Species Interactions are…. all the relationships between the species in a community…. 5 major types of species interactions …. Competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism COMPETITION COMPETITION … occurs when 2 organisms (of the same or different species) attempt to use the same resource Organisms compete for resources – which include… 1. food and water 2. habitat (or shelter) 3. mates Why would these zebra compete with each other? Why would they complete with other species ? organisms that are more “fit” will survive to reproduce and to pass on their traits to their offspring = NATURAL SELECTION “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” PREDATION When one organism (PREDATOR) captures, kills, and consumes another organism (PREY) Predator – Prey Adaptations Almost all organisms are vulnerable to predation – therefore developing adaptations that serve as defenses are an advantage… Defenses against predators include… Camouflage Mimicry Warning Coloration Protective Coverings CAMOUFLAGE When When an organism’s coloration allows it to blend in with its environment MIMICRY when a harmless species resembles a venomous or distasteful species Warning Coloration when an organism’s color serves to warn others that it is poisonous or distasteful Protective Coverings when an organism has a covering that protects it from predators Symbiotic Relationships (or Symbioses) exists when….2 members of a community live in close association with one another A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP is an association in which one or both parties benefit 3 types of symbiotic relationships: Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism COMMENSALISM one species benefits, the other is unaffected EXAMPLE– barnacles on a whale PARASITISM one species (host) is harmed while the other organism (parasite) benefits Example…. fleas and ticks Some parasites are vectors… organisms that carry disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another. MUTUALISM both organisms benefit EXAMPLE bacteria living in human intestines What type of symbiosis? Examine the following slides…. to determine if it shows…. Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Acacia Plant and Ants Ants protect acacia from grazing herbivores Acacia provides ants with a place to live and nectar (food) Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp Moray Eel gets…. a clean mouth Cleaner Shrimp gets…. a meal Flower and a Honey Bee Flower gets pollinated by the bee Bee gets nectar and pollen from the flower Human Botfly and Mammals A botfly lays its eggs on a mosquito, when the mosquito visits a mammal, the larva fall off and burrow into a host to complete their development Silverfish and Army Ants A particular species of silverfish live in the nests of army ants and eat their refuse, without affecting the ants Cape Buffalo with Egrets Cattle stir up insects Egrets eat insects from cattle and surroundings Tapeworm and Human Worm infects the human body….. Lichen : Fungus and Alga Fungi support and protect the algae, allowing it to live in areas usually unsuitable to algae Algae provide food through the process of photosynthesis Birds Nesting in a Tree Vampire Finch The vampire finch feeds on the blood of other birds Vampire Finches ….. Galapagos Islands feed on…blood of other birds, the blood of their own dead, eggs and insects theorized that “vampire” behavior evolved from the pecking behavior of finches cleaning parasites from the plumage of other birds. also theorized that “vampire” behavior might have evolved due to competition for food sources Clown Fish with Anemone Clown fish seek refuge from predators amongst the tentacles of sea anemones. Mucus on their skin protects them from the stinging anemones. The clownfish scare off butterfly fish (who eat anemones) and some scientists speculate that clownfish waste may serve as a nutrient for the anemones. Athlete’s Foot Fungus and Human Human gets… Fungus gets… Insect Gall on Woody Plants Plant galls are abnormal growths of plant cells formed in response to an insect‘s egg-laying, larvae or nymph. Coevolution occurs when two organisms evolve (change) in response to each other Could this also be an example of mimicry? Geographic Isolation…. occurs when a population becomes separated by changes in the environment and often leads to the formation of new species The species on the Galapagos Islands were “shaped” as a result of geographic isolation. vampire finch flightless cormorant marine iguana galapagos tortoise