Transcript C - Edublogs

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1
Biology TAKS review
“Bio” - life
“Abiotic” – not living
Taxonomy- the science of
describing, naming, and
classifying organisms
The Classification System
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Phylogeny- the connections between all
groups or organisms, lines of descent and
relationships
Examples:
-a mockingbird is more closely related to a
hippo than to an oak tree.
-Elephants probably descended from wooly
mammoths.
Speciation- the evolutionary process by
which new biological species arise
2.
A
B
C
D
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3
A
B
C
D
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Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
bacteria that live only in the harshest
environments, NO nucleusPROKARYOTE (PRO-NO)
Eubacteria, “normal” bacteria-those all
around us, unicellular prokaryotes
(white blood cells in our immune system help fight
infections)
Protista, single or multicellular without
highly specialized tissue (protozoa,
algae)
They do have a nucleus
EUKARYOTE (EU-DO)
Some (like algae) use
photosynthesis.
Plantae
photosynthesis, make their
own food (autotrophic)
Fungi
similar to plants but they
can’t make their own food –
have to consume it from
some organic source
(heterotrophic)
Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic cells,
heterotrophic
Bacteria…. Good or bad???
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A
B
C
D
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A
B
C
D
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7. Which of the following characteristics are
shared by animals, fungi, plants and
protists?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They are all autotrophs.
They are all eukaryotic.
They are all prokaryotic.
They are all unicellular.
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A
B
C
D
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9
A
B
C
D
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11. Which is a characteristic of members of
the plant kingdom that distinguishes
them from members of the animal
kingdom?
A. Storage of energy in chemical bonds
B. Exchange of H2O with the environment
C. Use of mRNA during protein production
D. Use of chlorophyll for solar-energy
transformation
Viruses??
They’re not living organisms. They only have a little
snippet of DNA in a protein coat.
They must be reproduced in living cells of their hosts.
Our immune system fights viruses with our T-cells
that seek out, destroy and consume virus-infected
cells.
Viruses are NOT living and can
only replicate inside a living
host.
The structure of the virus must
match up to a “docking” location
(receptor site) on the living cell
before the virus can invade.
The most dangerous viruses for
us are the ones that invade and
kill our own immune cells- the
very cells whose purpose is to
fight off invaders.
Example: HIV invades and kills
our Helper T cells.
12. Which of the following is found in both
cells and viruses?
A. Silica
B. Genetic material
C. Digestive cavity
D. flagella
13. People infected with the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an
increased risk of dying from secondary
infections. Which of these best explains how
HIV increases the danger of secondary
infections?
A. HIV produces antigens that damage red
blood cells
B. HIV adds genetic material from harmful
microbes.
C. HIV destroys helper T cells
D. HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the
body.
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A
B
C
D
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16. Scientists discover a new organism. It
is eukaryotic and obtains energy by
secreting digestive enzymes into decaying
organic matter and then absorbing the
digested material. This organism should be
classified in KingdomA. Archaebacteia
B. Eubacteria
C. Fungi
D. Protista
17. A unicellular, eukaryotic organism that
has a flagellum and is photosynthetic should
be classified in KingdomA. Archaebacteria
B. Eubacteria
C. Fungi
D. Protista
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Energy Transfers,
Interdependence and
Interactions within an
Ecosystem
Adaptation- the changes that allow a
population to become better suited for its
environment
Niche- the positional relation between a
species and its ecosystem.
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A
B
C
D
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2nd level
PRODUCER consumer
1ST level
consumer
Decomposer
Food Web or Food Chain
Energy is passed from the PRODUCERS (algae) to four
different levels of CONSUMERS. Remember the arrows
show the direction of ENERGY flow
5. In which level is the greatest amount of energy found?
6. Who ends up with the greatest amount of pollutants in
their bodies?
A
Tertiary Consumer
B
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumers
C
D
Producers:
plants that make their own food using energy
from the sun
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#8
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Herbivore
plant eaters
Omnivore
eat both plants and meats
Carnivore
meat eaters
Producers
autotrophic- make their own
food
9. According to this food
web, which of these is
an omnivore?
a. Caterpillar
b. Ant
c. Deer
d. Bird
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11. In a typical forest community, plants are producers,
rabbits are primary consumers, and wolves are
secondary consumers. Which diagram correctly
represents these relationships?
A
C
B
D
Symbiosis
Any close and permanent relationship
between organisms of different species
“living in the same ecosystem”
Mutualism
it’s good for both species
Predation
One organism preys on another as a source of food.
Parasitismit’s good for one species, but harms
the other
Commensalismit’s good for one species, but
doesn’t affect the other
In the jungles of Costa Rica, a certain species of ant live in a
complex relationship with the acacia tree. The ants find shelter
in the hollow thorns of the plant. They attack any animal that
tries to feed on the tree. In return, the plant provides them with
nutrition.
12. According to the information in the box, which of
these best describes the relationship between ant and
acacia tree?
A
B
C
D
Parasitism
Predation
Commensalism
Mutualism
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A
B
C
D
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How one fungus gets nutrients
A certain type of fungus grows sticky structures
when roundworms are near.
Roundworms that come close to the sticky
structures can become trapped.
The fungus penetrates and digests trapped
roundworms
15. Which word best describes the fungus
in the situation above?
A. Predator
B. Producer
C. Parasite
D. decomposer
Cells and Cellular Processes
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1. Which organisms in this food web can be
described as both primary and secondary
consumers?
A. Hawks
B. Weasels
C. Raccoons
D. Mice
Cells
Organelles: discreet structures in a cell
having a specialized function
Nucleus: contains most of the genetic
material
Prokaryote- have NO nucleus
PRO-NO
Eukaryote- do have a nucleus
EU-DO
Remember…Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
bacteria that live only in the
harshest environments, NO
nucleus- PROKARYOTE
(PRO-NO)
Eubacteria, “normal” bacteriathose all around us,
unicellular prokaryotes
Protista, single or multicellular
without highly specialized
tissue (protozoa, algae)
They do have a nucleus
EUKARYOTE (EU-DO)
Some use
photosynthesis.
Animalia
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. It gives off
OXYGEN.
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondrion and
requires OXYGEN to harvest the energy from food.
These are often considered opposites.
Breaks down old cell parts
Transport system
makes proteins
packages proteins
provides energy : site of cellular respiration,
conversion of food energy into usable energy (ATP)
Controls the movement of
materials in and out of the cell,
thereby maintaining
“homeostatis”
The Golgi bodies are kind of like the post
office of the cell that receives, packages
and then distributes proteins to their
destination where they are needed.
The endoplasmic reticulum is like the
transportation system of the cell.
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3
A
B
C
D
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The cell membrane plays an essential role in the life of the
cell. How does the cell membrane help maintain the
health of the cell in the figure above?
A. The cell membrane contains genetic information of the
cell.
B. The cell membrane provides support and protection for
the cell.
C. The cell membrane is where protein molecules are
manufactured in a cell.
D. The cell membrane regulates the movement of
materials in and out of the cell.
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A cell that requires large amounts of energy
to do its job would probably contain many
–
A. Chloroplasts
B. Mitochondria
C. Nuclei
D. Vacuoles
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Which of these is a function of the cell
membrane in all cells?
A Producing cellular nutrients
B Preserving cellular wastes
C Neutralizing chemicals
D Maintaining homeostasis
Plants have special pores called stomata to
allow passage of material. The stomata pores
are surrounded by cells called guard cells.
Guard cells also close when
dehydrated. This keeps water in the plant
from escaping.
Most stomata are on the bottom of the
leaf. Usually, a high concentration of
stomata indicates fast growth and wet
climate. Lower concentrations of stomata
indicate lower rates of photosynthesis and
growth or adaptations for dry weather.
Stomata are on the top of leaves that float in
water.
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate
• It is the major
energy currency
of the cell, providing the
energy for most of the
energy-consuming
activities of the cell.
• synthesized in
mitochondria by
cellular respiration
Most organisms use oxygen to break
down their “food” into ATP
Any process that requires oxygen is
called
Aerobic (oxygen)
Processes that do not require oxygen
are called
Anaerobic
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
• Energy is released when the bond between two
phosphate groups is broken.
#9
Which molecule provides most of the
energy used to drive chemical reactions in
cells?
A DNA
B RNA
C ATP
D ADP
Osmosis
• Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Cell membranes are completely permeable to water,
therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can have
a dramatic effect on the cell.
• Diffusion: the movement of ANY molecule from an area
of high concentration to low concentration.
“hypertonic”
“hypotonic”
# 10
What would happen to blood cells that
were placed in a hypotonic solution?
A. The blood cells would burst
B. The blood cells would shrink
C. The blood cells would stay the same
D. Cannot tell from the question
“hypertonic”
“hypotonic”
Both OSMOSIS and DIFFUSION will result
in the movement of molecules by
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Passive transport doesn’t require any
energy input- it just happens naturally.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Does require energy
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Diffusion and osmosis are both vital to cell
function. Diffusion and osmosis are
similar in that they are both types of –
A. protein synthesis processes
B. passive transport processes
C. cellular replication processes
D. cellular metabolism processes
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SYSTEMS
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#1
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2
82
3
A
B
C
D
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Circulatory
passes nutrients, hormones, gases
and blood- (oxygen is carried on
hemoglobin, a protein in red blood
cells) throughout body
Digestive
breaks down food for absorption into
circulatory system
Nervous
nerve cells releasing chemical
messengers, look like tree
branches/roots
Endocrine
hormones- adrenaline, estrogen,
testosterone, insulin, serotonin,
dopamine, etc.
Excretory
cleaning out wastes from blood (liver,
kidneys) – the urinary system and
sweat glands
Lymphatic
filters bad stuff from lymph fluid that
surrounds tissues before returning
plasma to blood
Systems
Reproductive
duh..
Integumentary
skin, protection, temp
regulation, production of Vit. D
Skeletal
bones (red blood cells are
made in bone marrow)
Respiratory
breathing, O2 / CO2
exchange
Muscular
muscles…controlled by
nerve signals
Immune
fighting off infection, white
blood cells, T-cells
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B
C
D
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B
C
D
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B
C
D
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B
C
D
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DNA DAY
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How does the vacuole in the
drawing above help to maintain
the health of the cell?
A. By capturing light and using it
to convert inorganic material to
glucose.
B. By regulating the transport of
materials in and out of the cell.
C. By providing support and
structure for the cell.
D. By providing storage and
maintaining turgor pressure
against the cell wall.
#1
The double
helix
(a twisted
ladder)
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
The SEQUENCE of the bases
makes us all unique by determining
the characteristics of each individual
Nucleotide:
1. Nitrogen base
2. Sugar
3. Phosphate
Hydrogen Bond
A T
C G
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Chromosomes
Human body cells have 23 pairs or
46 chromosomes. Human gametes
(sperm and egg) have only 23
chromosomes.
Of the 46 chromosomes in human
body cells, 1 pair or 2 sex
chromosomes only determine
whether a person is male or
female.
-Human females have 2 X-shaped
sex chromosomes (XX).
-Human males have 1 X-shaped
and 1 Y-shaped chromosome (XY).
DNA also has all the
information needed to
produce the proteins
we must have for our
bodies to function.
How does that
information get to the
ribosomes, the
protein producing
components of the
cells?
If you need some medicine so that
you can function well, you first go
to the Doctor.
The doctor writes you a
PRESCRIPTION..
You take the PRESCRIPTION to
the pharmacy.
The pharmacist has to read and
TRANSLATE the prescription in
order to build your medicine.
What happens when your cells need
some protein so they can perform all
their functions??
Well…. You have to go to
Doctor DNA.
Doctor DNA will write a
TRANSCRIPTION (RNA)
to be taken to the “pharmacy” of the
cell, the ribosomes.
RNA Transcription
RNA: does not have T,
replace T with U
Once the RNA
TRANSCRIPTION
has been written, the
order has to be taken
to the pharmacy of
the ribosomes.
The “pharmacist” has to
TRANSLATE the
order so it can build
the protein.
RNA Translation
DNA
A protein is a chain of amino acids formed in the
ribosomes during “Translation”
Doctor DNA will write a
TRANSCRIPTION (RNA)
to be taken to the
“pharmacy” of the cell,
the ribosomes.
The “pharmacist” has to
TRANSLATE the order
so it can build the
protein.
Transcription results in a
strand of RNA.
Translation result in a
protein.
3
TTAGCG
Which of the following nucleotide base
sequences of RNA complement the
section of DNA modeled above?
A. AATCGC
B. AAUCGC
C. GCGATT
D. TTUCGC
4
One strand in a molecule of DNA is represented by
the sequence below:
AGTTACA
Which of the following does each letter represent?
A. A sugar
B. A nitrogen base
C. A protein
D. A phosphate group
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Translation
Transcription
DNA
In nucleus
Now you try it:
mRNA
On ribosome
Protein
ATGACGGTC
1. Write this DNA code down on the side of your marker board
or paper.
1. Use TRANSCRIPTION to decode the strand into mRNA.
2. Model TRANSLATION by listing the amino acids that these
codons stand for. Use the amino acid chart on the next slide.
6. Which amino acid is coded for from this section of mRNA = AGU
A. Cysteine
B. Aspartic Acid
C. Arginine
D. Serine
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A
B
C
D
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DNA Replication
Making copies of DNA
strands.
Result: 2 strands of the
same DNA
Replication is
necessary because
cells die and new
replacement cells
must by made that
have exactly the
same DNA as the
parent cell.
DNA Replication
If somehow the DNA
bases get mixed
up during
replication, a
MUTATION
occurs.
The SEQUENCE of the DNA
base pairs determine
genetic characteristics
Mutations occur
when that sequence
is messed up.
Mutations result in more variation in the
species.
Some mutations help the survival of the
species. Some don’t help.
Mutations result in the evolution of species.
8
A
B
C
D
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9
DNA molecules separate into single strands,
which are then used to construct two
identical strands of DNA. This process
ensures genetic
A. consistency
B. variability
C. diversity
D. reduction
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A biologist collects DNA samples from two
sisters. The younger sister has blond hair.
The older sister has red hair. The sisters
have different traits because their DNA
contains differentA. orders of nucleotides
B. types of sugar molecules
C. sized phosphate groups
D. types of nitrogenous bases.
DNA Replication
There are two kinds of
replication:
Mitosis
Meiosis
MiTosis
Product: Two cells idenTical
to original cell that each have
all their genetic material
“Binary fission”
Used for: regular growth and
replacement of dead cells
Meiosis
Product: Four different
cellsGAMETES with only
HALF of their genetic
material
Used for : producing
sperm and egg cells for
reproduction
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12
A
B
C
D
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13
A
B
C
D
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Punnett Square
“Alleles”: C or c
Genotype: what
the genes say
Phenotype: what
the offspring
looks like
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Heterozygous- having two different alleles:
Bb
Homozygous- have the same two alleles:
BB or bb
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A pea plant with a tall phenotype is
pollinated by a short plant, and the seeds
of the first generation hybrid produce 327
tall plants and 321 short plants. What is
the genotype of the two parent plants?
A. TT x tt
B. TT x Tt
C. Tt x Tt
D. Tt x tt
Pedigrees with
Recessive traits
Male without characteristic
being studied
Female without
characteristic being
studied
Male with characteristic
being studied
Female with characteristic
being studied
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Which cellular function does this model represent?
A. Respiration
B. Protein synthesis
C. DNA replication
D. Photosynthesis
Speaking of sex….
18
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which parts of a
flower are NOT used
in reproduction?
Sepal and pedicel
Stigma and style
Anther and filament
Receptacle and
ovary
pedicel
Systems
Circulatory
blood
Digestive
food
Nervous
nerve cells releasing
chemical messengers
Endocrine
hormones
Excretory
cleaning out wastes
from blood (liver,
kidneys) – the urinary
system
Lymphatic
filters bad stuff from
lymph fluid
Reproductive
duh..
Integumentary
skin
Skeletal
bones
Respiratory
breathing
Muscular
muscles…
Immune
fighting off infection,
white blood cells, T-cells