Transcript Natalia Demidova

Ex Situ Biological
Diversity Conservation of
Larix Species
in Arkhangelsk
Natalia Demidova, Northern Research
Institute of Forestry, Arkhangelsk, Russia,
[email protected]
Syktyvkar, 07.10.09.2010
North-West of Russia (or European
North of Russia)
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Republic of Karelia
Komi Republic
Arkhangelsk Region
Vologda Region
Kirov Region (northern part)
Leningrad Region
Murmansk Region
Perm Kray (northern part).
North-West of Russia
North-West of Russia
• From the west to the east ─ 1500 km
• From the north to the south – from 600
till 1000 and more km.
• The total territory is 97 mill. ha
Difference of the European North
from other industrial regions of the
country
• pine and spruce predomination
• comparatively low growth of the trees
• forest fires.
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•
Actual species conservation is only possible
while maintaining systemic organization of
populations.
One of the main principles of sustainable
environment management should be
maximizing of the conservation of genetic
diversity of populations in their use and
artificial reproduction.
• Larch (Larix Sukaczewii Djil.) is a relict species
in the Russian European North.
• Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) is more
sensitive to air stagnation and to high
humidity.
• European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is more
resistant.
• Larix Sukachewi Djil. stands on intermediate
place.
Area and stock volume of larch stands in
forest in Arkhangelsk Region (01.01.2008)
In all
Groups of age, th.ha
Saplings
52,4
1,1
Middle-age
2,5
Ripening.
Mature and overmature
0,6
All
Including
overmatur
e
48,2
44,7
8,32
7,79
Stock volume, mill.m3
8,85
0,04
0,34
0,15
• 59.2% of stands with larch presence in the
composition belong to the protected group of
the forests.
• 92% of them is presented by the stands of the
age of more than 120 years.
• The average age of larch in Arkhangelsk
Region is 176 years.
Artificial larch reforestation
• 1948-1973 (25 years) ─ 1183 ha (Kashin,
Kozobrodov, 2002)
• 90% ─ by sawing was provided manually in
the plots of 0.7x0.7m.
• Density of forest cultures did not exceed 2 th.
planted places on 1 ha.
• 1979 -1990: planting on 1046 ha
Larch Unified Genetic-Breeding
Complex (EGSK)
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•
Genetic reserves ─ 4,16 th. ha,
Few plus trees ─ 62 trees
Permanent seed orchards ─ 63,2 ha.
Larch geographical cultures are created on the
area of 4,7 ha (B.Mochalov, 2008).
Legislation in Arkhangelsk region
(1995)
• Governor of Arkhangelsk Region order “About
Forest Plots Protection on The Territory of the
Region, which Provide Special Ecological and
Social Functions”;
• Regional Government document “The List of
Specially Protected Forest Plots, Selected in
the State Forest Fund of Arkhangelsk Region,
Norms and Regime of their Use”;
• Regional Red Book (1995);
• Larch was removed from the Red Book (2008)
• It is impossible to preserve larch in the forests
of the North-West of Russia by restrictions
and conservation measures.
• Maintaining and increasing the share of larch
forests can only be achieved by increasing the
area of artificial stands of this species and
measures to promote its natural regeneration.
• “Program
of larch renovation and
restoration in Arkhangelsk
region” was elaborated, adopted
with State Ecological Expertise
and approved in March, 1998.
• The basic principle of this document was to
conduct experimental clear and selective
cuttings in old spruce-larch stands with
measures to support natural regeneration of
coniferous species, mainly larch.
• The program provided scientific support
carried out by forestry activities.
• As a result:
• larch seeds were collected from cut trees,
• larch forest cultures were developed in the
region,
• successful larch natural regeneration was
provided on the areas of clearcuts.
• The most extensive program of larch
conservation and restoration in Arkhangelsk
Region was adopted by the First Regional
Workshop “Larch Forests of Arkhangelsk
Region: their Use and Reproduction” (01-03
June 1998), organized by V. Barzut.
• The Second Regional Workshop “Larch Forests
of Arkhangelsk Region: their Use and
Reproduction” (22-25 of September 2008)
announced the results of scientific and
industrial work on the dynamics, structure and
growth of larch forests, state and development
of the seed base, the problems of natural and
artificial reforestation on cut areas, practices of
logging, timber processing, protection and use
of larch forests in Arkhangelsk Region.
• The problem of Larix biological and genetic
diversity is not developed and it has to be a
keystone of the Program of Larch Renovation
and Restoration in Arkhangelsk Region”.
• Tihonov and Nakvasina (2008) described
genetic structure of mostly all natural larch
populations in Arkhangelsk Region.
• 7 larch populations unified in 3 separate groups:
• 1) Onezhskaya and Leshukonskaya populations;
• 2). Kargopolskaya, Emetskaya, Obozerskaya and
Pinega populations;
• 3) Verhnetoemskaya population.
• Investigations were provided in nature, as well as
in the larch collection of the Dendrological
Garden Northern Research Institute of Forestry.
• A "living collection" of Larix genus accounts 75
samples of 15 species (tabl.2).
• It was created during the period 1961-2009.
• Species conservation in cultural conditions,
despite some of its shortcomings, is preferable to
its complete loss.
• Most specimens growing in the garden Larix
species reached the age of seed production and
could be used for breeding as well as for
propagation and establishment test larch
cultures.
Larix species
Age,
years
Number of
samples
Number of
trees
Survival,
%
Height,
m
Larix cajanderi Mayr.
38
1
3
42
1,3
Larix cajanderi Mayr
x Larix kamtschatica
(Rupr.)Carr.
28
2
41
54
9,9
Larix x czekanowskii
Szaf.
34
1
3
75
9,7
Larix decidua Mill.
39
1
2
100
12,9
Larix gmelinii (Rupr.)
Rupr.
38
28
1
2
1
8
20
12
13,6
10,4
Larix x maritima
Sukaz.
28
1
9
64
11,8
Larix polonica Racib.
39
1
10
67
15,9
Larix principis
rupprechtii Mayr.
37
1
2
25
9,9
Larix sibirica Ldb.
27-47
6
83
17-96
5,6-17,6
Larix Sukaczewii Djil.
8-47
22
330
26-100
2,5-19,3
39
482
In all:
• "On-site" (or in situ) work is held at the plant's
habitat.
• "Off-site" (or ex situ) work is held away from
the plant's habitat.
• Ex situ conservation includes seed banking
and growing plants at botanic gardens.
• Ex-situ conservation provides excellent
research opportunities on the components of
biological diversity.
• The primary objective of maintaining ex situ
Larix populations of Arkhangelsk Region
outside its natural range is to help to support
the conservation of a threatened taxon - Larix
Sukaczewii Djil., its genetic diversity, and its
habitat for further propagation, research,
reintroduction if required (tabl.3).
Table 3. Larix Sukaczewii Djil. in
the collection
Origin (provenance)
Holmogorskyi Distr.,
Arkhangelsk Region
Obozerskyi,
Arkhangelsk Region
Kargopolskyi Distr.,
Arkhangelsk Region
Plesetskyi
Distr.,
Arkhangelsk Region
Pinezhskyi
Distr.,
Arkhangelsk Region
Verhne-Toemskyi
Distr.,
Arkhangelsk
Region
Holmogorskyi Distr.,
Arkhangelsk Region
Age,
years
47
Number of
samples
3
Number of
trees
12
Survival,
%
86
Height,
m
18,1
44
2
42
89
19,3
28
1
25
100
10,2
28
1
26
100
9,9
28
3
75
65
10,5
9
1
9
100
2,6
8
2
8
80
2,5
Table 3, continuation
Origin (provenance)
Age,
years
31
Number of
samples
1
Number of
trees
15
Survival,
%
100
Height,
m
15,6
Ekaterinburg Region
29
2
18
62
13,6
Chelyabisk Region
29
3
31
58
12,0
Bashkortostan
29
2
28
26
13,0
Vologda Region
28
1
41
58
16,7
In all:
22
330
Including Arkhangelsk
Region
13
210
Komi Republic
• Tihonov (2006) has provided research on larch
adaptation in the garden conditions on several
signs: state and growth, features of phenology,
seasonal growth of shoots, fruiting and
physiology.
• He distinguished that the best growth is typical
for eastern populations of Arkhangelsk Region
(Obozerskaya, Holmogorskaya) and Komi
Republic.
• Larch from Far East differs by the worth growth,
survival and stem quality.
Larix cajanderi Mayr. –
Лиственница Каяндера
• Stands of Larix cajanderi occupy nearly half (48%)
of all larch forests of Russia.
• This larch grows in the most severe conditions of the
North-East Siberia, where does not compete with
other forest tree species.
• One sample of Larix cajanderi of Magadan origin.
• At the age of 38 years it had a height of 11.3 m,
flowering and producing seeds.
Species was clarified by L. Orlova (Komarov’s Botanical Garden)
Larix cajanderi Mayr x Larix
kamtschatica (Rupr.)Carr. – гибрид
лиственницы Каяндера и камчатской
• Sample from natural
habitats around Kamchatka
was planted in 1985-87.
• t is currently presented by
62 trees.
• At the age of 28 years old it
had a height of 9.9 m.
• Trees are flowering since
the age of 22 years.
Species was clarified by P.Tichonov
(NRIF)
L. x czekanowskii Szaf. –
Лиственница Чекановского
• This larch is a natural hybrid between L. gmelinii and
L. sibirica.
• It is rare plant in culture, found in the botanical
gardens in Moscow, Kaliningrad and St-Petersburg.
• We have tested seeds from Kaliningrad and Moscow.
• Moscow sample still exists in the collection in
amount of 3 trees.
• Trees are flowering since the age of 22 years.
• Trees height is 9.9 m.
Species was clarified by P.Tichonov (NRIF)
L. decidua Mill. – Лиственница
опадающая или европейская
• 2 samples of European larch in the collection from
Latvia
• 1 sample from Moscow, which was propagated by
grafting on local larch.
• Trees height – 7.5-10.0 m
• Seeds production at the age of 10 year.
• Fruiting is week, but the seeds are of good
germination ability, of which obtained the offspring.
• European larch is a sufficient hardiness species for
Arkhangelsk conditions.
Species was clarified by P.Tichonov (NRIF)
L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. – Лиственница
Гмелина или даурская
• This larch can grow in the most severe
conditions.
• It grows on permafrost and swamps.
• 9 samples of Daurian larch, which were mainly
from natural habitats.
• 5 samples were planted in the collection but
survival was low:
• Magadan sample – 43%;
• Amur sample – 20%;
• Kolyma sample -14%.
• The best trees at the age of 38 years reached height
of 13,6 m.
• Flowering from the age of 12 years and seeding
ability is weak.
• Negative experience of Larix gmelinii planting on
drained sphagnum swamp in the amount of 1250
three-years-old seedlings (average height - 0.5 m).
• Survival ability was 0%, whereas Pinus contorta
survival was 91% on the same experimental plot.
Species was clarified by P.Tichonov (NRIF)
L. polonica Racib. – Лиственница
польская
• 10 trees of polish
larch in the collection.
• At the age of 39 years
it had a height of 16
m,
• Flowering since 11
years old and produce
seeds.
Species was clarified by P.Tichonov
(NRIF).
L. principis rupprechtii Mayr. –
Лиственница принца Рупрехта
• 2 trees in the collection
(seeds from
Vladivostok).
• At the age of 37 years it
had a height of 9.9 m.
• Flowering since 34
years old and producing
seeds.
• It suffers from winter
frosts annually
Larix x maritima Sukaz. –
Лиственница приморская
• This larch naturally grows in the Far East.
• There are one sample (9 trees) from
Khabarovsk Krai in the collection.
• At the age of 28 years it had a height of 11.8
m, flowering and produce seeds.
• Winter hardy.
L. sibirica Ledeb. – Лиственница
сибирская
• There are 6 samples (73
trees) of Siberian larch
in the collection.
• The seeds were
collected in the natural
conditions.
• The best trees at the
age of 47 years had
height of 17,6 m,
• Flowering and
producing seed since 11
year old.
L. sukaczewii Djil. – Лиственница
Сукачёва
• Local species.
• It grows in groups and alleys in the amount of
330 trees (22 samples) from different places
of Arkhangelsk and Vologda Regions, Ural,
Komi and Bashkortostan Republics.
• At the age of 44 years it had maximum height
of 19 m,
• Flowering and producing seed since 6-10 year
old.
• L. laricina (Du Roi) C. Koch. – л. американская (North
America – Alyaska, Canada – Yucon);
• L. olgensis A. Henry – л. ольгинская (Far East);
• L. x eurolepis Henry. – л. широкочешуйчатая (hybrid L.
decidua и L. leptolepis);
• L. kaempferi (Lamb. ) Carr. – л. Кемфера (Eastern
China);
• L. layllii Parl. – л. Лайэля (mountings of western part of
North America);
• L. leptolepis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Gord. – л. японская (Japan);
• L. occidentalis Nutt. – л. западная (western part of
North America (44-55о с.ш.)).
L. laricina (Du Roi) C. Koch. - Лиственница
американская
L. kaempferi (Lamb. ) Carr. – Лиственница
Кемфера
L. leptolepis (Sieb. et Zucc. ) Gord. –
Лиственница японская
Larix
occidentalis
Nutt. –
Лиственница
западная
• From 15 tested larch species, Larix
occidentalis и L. olgensis were lost even
in the nursery, L. eurolepis, L. kaempferi и
L. laricina - were lost after planting in
the collection.
• At least, there is a need to repeat test of
North American species L. laricina и L.
occidentalis from northern parts of their
natural range.
• According to Iroshnikov (2004), the natural
range of L. sukaczewii and its representation
in the forests has fallen dramatically as a
result of historical- natural reasons and
different types of human activities, of which
the most significant are cutting of the
forests.
• Therefore its gene pool requires special
protection and its habitat – restoration.
• Originally L. sukaczewii is characterized as
relatively monomorphic species with a weak
intra and-interpopulation variability.
• Recently, the list of selected forms has
expanded.
• However, studying of gene pool of L.
sukaczewii as a whole is not enough
(Iroshnikov, 2004).
• A "living collection" of L. sukaczewii in the
Dendrological Garden is, in some extent, a
reserve of genetic diversity of local
populations in Arkhangelsk Region.
• It is a source of plant material for subsequent
reintroduction and regeneration of natural
populations.
Thank you for your
attention!