Transcript 6.1-MB-EE-relationships.review.extraeco

Ecological
Relationships
Marine Biology
What is Ecology?
The
Ecology the study of interactions between

– organisms and organisms
– organisms and their environment
Factors that effect us:
1. Abiotic Factors
Moisture
Wind/Air currents
Light
Temperature
Soil

ABio-
stands for non
stands for living

Abiotic Factors-
nonliving factors

2. Biotic Factors:

Biotic- Living factors
Levels of Organization

Individual- one
organism (living)

Ex a moose
Levels of Organization

Community- groups of
different populations
(more than one
population or different
groups of species)
Ex many groups of
moose beavers, trees,
grass (all living)
Levels of Organization

Biome- group of
ecosystems that have
the same climate and
similar dominant
communities

Biomes: tropical rain forest,
tropical dry forest, tropical
savannah, temperate
grassland, desert, temperate
woodland and shrubland,
temperate forest,
northwestern coniferous
forest, boreal forest (taiga),
tundra, mountains and ice
caps
IN AN ECOSYSTEM:
Organisms live in a Habitat
Organisms fit into a Niche of
the environment
New Material!
Habitat vs. Niche


Habitat- an area where an organism lives
Niche- an organisms role in its environment
– The Long Version  full range of physical and
biological conditions in which an organism lives
and the way in which the organism uses those
conditions. Includes where in the food chain it is,
where an organism feeds

Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem
and a niche is like an occupation in an
ecosystem.
Community
Interactions

when organisms live together in an ecological
community they interact constantly.

Three types of interactions
– Competition
– Predation
– Symbiosis
Competition- competing
for resources



occurs due to a limited
number of resources
Resource- any
necessity of life. water,
nutrients, light, food.
Competitive
exclusion principleno two species can
occupy the same niche
in the same habitat at
the same time
Predation



Predation- when
an organism
captures and feeds
on another
organism.
Predator- hunter
Prey- hunted
Symbiosis

Symbiosis- any relationship where
two species live closely together. (3
types)
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Symbiosis

Mutualism- both
species benefit
from a relationship.

Lichens (fungus
and Algae)
One example is the lichens, little non-descript patches of stuff you see growing on rocks and tree bark. This is a symbiosis,
consisting of a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a protective home for the algae, and gathers mineral nutrients from
rainwater and from dissolving the rock underneath. The alga gathers energy from the sun. There are thousands of species of
lichen in the world; actually thousands of species of fungi with just a few species of algae which can form a partnership with
almost any of them.
Symbiosis

Commensalism – One
member of a symbiotic
relationship benefits and
the other is neither
helped or harmed

Ex. Holes used by
bluebirds in a tree were
chiseled out by
woodpeckers after it has
been abandoned .
Symbiosis


Parasitism- One
creature benefits
and one creature is
harmed
Ex tapeworm.
Feeds in a humans
intestines absorbing
his/her nutrients.
Relationships: Symbiosis = Living Together
a) commensalism
b) mutualism
c) parasitism
Identify these relationships
Graphic Organizer

Use the text as needed to provide
marine organisms interactions as
examples of ecological relationships.
Test Yourself!

Answer #1-3 on page 531
Ecology Review
Slides Below
Use as needed to mastery ecology
content.
Cycles and Succession Included
ENERGY FLOW
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Energy Flow (Trophic
Levels)

Producers- make
their own food

Consumers- get
energy from
consuming
producers
Producers


Producers- capture
energy from
sunlight or
chemicals and use
the energy to
produce food.
Producers are
autotrophs- they
make food from
their environment
2 main types of
autotrophs

One type gets
energy from the
sun-by
photosynthesis

Another type gets
energy without
light- by
chemosynthesis
Consumers

Consumers are
heterotrophs- get
energy from other
organisms
Types of Consumers




Herbivores- eat only plants
Carnivores- eat animals
Omnivores- eat both plants and
animals
Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants
and animals)
Feeding Relationships

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction
from:
–
–
–
–
1. the sun or inorganic compounds
2. To autotrophs (producers)
3. To heterotrophs (consumers)
Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead
organisms
Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
Food Web- A network of
feeding relationships.
(More realistic that a food
chain)
Food Web
They can
become
very
complex!
Trophic levels

Each step in a food
chain or a food web is
called a trophic level.
– Producers are the first
trophic level
– Consumers are the
second, third, or higher
trophic level

Each trophic level
depends on the one
below for energy
Energy Pyramid


Only part of the energy
stored in one level can
be passed to the nextmost energy is
consumed for life
processes (respiration,
movement, etc., and
heat is given off)
Only 10% of the
energy available within
one trophic level is
transferred to
organisms in the next
trophic level
Biomass Pyramid


Biomass- the total
amount of living
tissue within a
given trophic level.
A biomass pyramid
represents the
amount of potential
food available for
each trophic level in
an ecosystem.
Energy Losses

Energy transfers are never 100 percent
efficient

Some energy is lost at each step

Limits the number of trophic levels in an
ecosystem

Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)
All Heat in the End

At each trophic level, the bulk of the
energy received from the previous
level is used in metabolism

This energy is released as heat energy
and lost to the ecosystem

Eventually, all energy is released as
heat
Biogeochemical Cycles
(Matter moving through the environment)

All living organisms need certain
elements/compounds for life
processes
– Ex: your cells need C,H,O,P,N & S in
order to live and reproduce (make more cell)

Cycles in nature keep these elements
“moving” from organisms to organism
(and sometimes into the atmosphere)
Biogeochemical Cycles
(Matter moving through the environment)

The flow of a nutrient from the environment to living
organisms and back to the environment

Main reservoir for the nutrient is in the environment

Transfer rates to and from reservoir are usually lower
than the rates of exchange between and among
organisms.

Matter is recycled through an ecosystem – not one way
flow
Three Categories

Hydrologic cycle
– Water

Atmospheric cycles
– Nitrogen and carbon

Sedimentary cycles
– Phosphorus and sulfur
CYCLES IN NATURE
Carbon Cycle

Carbon moves through the atmosphere
and food webs on its way to and from
the ocean, sediments, and rocks

Sediments and rocks are the main
reservoir
Carbon Cycle
diffusion
Atmosphere
Bicarbonate,
volcanic action
carbonate
Marine
food
TERRESTRIAL
webs ROCKS
Terrestrial
Rocks
photosynthesis
Land Food
Webs
Soil Water
Marine Sediments
weathering
Peat, Fossil
Fuels
Carbon in the Oceans
Most carbon in the ocean is dissolved
carbonate and bicarbonate
 Ocean currents carry dissolved carbon

Carbon in Atmosphere

Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon
dioxide

Carbon dioxide is added to
atmosphere
– Aerobic respiration, volcanic action,
burning fossil fuels, decomposition of
organic materials

Removed by photosynthesis
Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is used in amino acids and nucleic acids
(all living organism need nitrogen to make
proteins)

Main reservoir is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

Decomposers are vital to convert ammonia into:
1. usable nitrites & nitrates for plants (nitrogen fixation)
2. nitrogen gas (denitrification = puts it back into the atmosphere)
Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus is part of phospholipids and all
nucleotides
– What are these?

It is the most prevalent limiting factor in
ecosystems

Main reservoir is Earth’s crust; no gaseous
phase (it never enters the atmosphere – like
carbon and nitrogen)
Phosphorus Cycle
mining
excretion
FERTILIZER
GUANO
agriculture
uptake by
autotrophs
MARINE
FOOD
WEBS
weathering
DISSOLVED
IN OCEAN
WATER
uptake by
autotrophs
weathering
DISSOLVED IN
SOILWATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
death,
decomposition
sedimentation
death,
decomposition
leaching, runoff
setting out
uplifting over
geolgic time
MARINE SEDIMENTS
ROCKS
LAND
FOOD
WEBS
Chapter 3 –
Communities & Biomes

Vocabulary to Know:
– Limiting Factor
– Succession
 Primary
 Secondary
– Climax Community
Community

All the populations that live together in a
habitat

Habitat is the type of place where
individuals of a species typically live

Type of habitat shapes a community’s
structure
Limiting Factors

Definition?
What factors would limit
these communities?
What is Succession &
what causes it?

Changes to a
community

Biotic Factor

Abiotic Factors
2 Types of succession

Primary
– From nothing
– Even the soil must be “created”

Secondary
– From soil
– Disaster can strike and make it start over
Primary Succession