Transcript Community Relationship Notes

Community
Relationships
Unit 2 Notes
1
Niche is
the species’ occupation
and its
Habitat
location of species
(its address)
2
Niche
A species’ functional role in its
ecosystem; includes anything affecting
species survival and reproduction
1. Range of tolerance for various physical and
chemical conditions
2. Types of resources used
3. Interactions with living and nonliving
components of ecosystems
4. Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling
3
Niche
Fundamental niche: set of
conditions under which a
species might exist in the
absence of interactions with
other species
Realized niche: more restricted
set of conditions under which
the species actually exists due to
interactions with other species
4
Types of Species
• Generalist
–large niches
–tolerate wide range of environmental variations
–do better during changing environmental
conditions
• Specialist
–narrow niches
– more likely to become endangered
– do better under consistent environmental
conditions
5
r and k strategists
• Depending upon the characteristics of the organism, organisms
will follow a biotic potential or carrying capacity type
reproductive strategy
The r-strategists
1. High biotic potential – reproduce very fast
2. Are adapted to live in a variable climate
3. Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring = early
reproductive maturity
4. “Opportunistic” organisms
The K-strategists
1. Adaptations allow them to maintain population values around the
carrying capacity
2. They live long lives
3. Reproduce late
4. Produce few, large, offspring
6
Types of Species
• Native species normally live and thrive in
a particular ecosystem
• Nonnative species are introduced - can be
called exotic or alien
• Indicator species serve as early warnings
of danger to ecosystem- birds &
amphibians
• Keystone species are considered of most
importance in maintaining their
ecosystem
7
Nonnative Species
• Nonnative plant species are invading the
nation's parks at an alarming rate,
displacing native vegetation and
threatening the wildlife that depend on
them
• At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes
National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much
as 23 percent of the ground is covered
with alien species, and the rate of
expansion is increasing dramatically.
8
Indicator Species
• a species whose status provides
information on the overall condition
of the ecosystem and of other species
in that ecosystem
• reflect the quality and changes in
environmental conditions as well as
aspects of community composition
9
Keystone Species
• A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the
other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling
– a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in
the ecosystem depends.
• If a keystone species is removed from a system
– the species it supported will also disappear
– other dependent species will also disappear
• Examples
– top carnivores that keep prey in check
– large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live
– important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for
birds
– bats that disperse the seeds of plants
10
Species
Interaction
11
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
12
Competition
13
Resource Competition
14
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
15
16
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
3. Competitive exclusion
17
Competitive Exclusion
18
Competition
Any interaction between two or more
species for a resource that causes a
decrease in the population growth or
distribution of one of the species
1. Resource competition
2. Preemptive competition
3. Competition exploitation
4. Interference competition
19
Competition
20
PREDATION
21
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
22
23
24
25
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
26
27
28
29
30
31
Predator Adaptations
• Prey detection and recognition
–sensory adaptations
–distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
–passive vs. active
–individuals vs. cooperative
• Eating prey
–teeth, claws etc.
32
33
34
35
36
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
37
38
39
40
41
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
42
43
44
45
Prey Adaptations
• Avoid detection
– camouflage, mimics,
– diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
– flee
– resist
– escape
• Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)
– struggle?
– protection, toxins
46
47
Herbivory
Herbivore needs to find most
nutritious
–circumvent plant defenses
48
49
Herbivory
Herbivore needs to find most
nutritious
–circumvent plant defenses
Herbivory strong selective pressure
on plants
–structural adaptations for defense
–chemical adaptations for defense
50
51
52
Herbivory
53
Herbivory
54
Herbivory
55
Symbiosis:
Mutualists,
Commensalists
and Parasites
56
• Symbiosis and symbiotic
relationship are two commonly
misused terms
• Translation of symbiosis from the
Greek literally means “living
together”
• Both positive and negative
interactions
57
Mutualism
DEFINITION:
An interaction between two
individuals of different species
that benefits both partners in this
interaction
58
Mutualism
• Increase birth rates
• Decrease death rates
• Increase equilibrium population
densities,
Raise the carrying capacity
59
Pollination
• Animals visit flowers to collect nectar
and incidentally carry pollen from one
flower to another
• Animals get food and the plant get a
pollination service
60
Yucca and Yucca Moth
• Yucca’s only
pollinator is the
yucca moth. Hence
entirely dependent
on it for dispersal.
• Yucca moth
caterpillar’s only
food is yucca seeds.
• Yucca moth lives in
yucca and receives
shelter from plant.
61
Lichen (Fungi-Algae)
• Symbiotic relationship of algae and
fungae…results in very different
growth formas with and without
symbiont.
• What are the benefits to the fungus?
62
Nitrogen Fixation
Darkest areas are nuclei, the midtone areas are millions of bacteria
Gram -, ciliate
63
Commensalists
• Benefit from the
host at almost no
cost to the host
• Eyelash mite and
humans
• Us and starlings or
house sparrows
• Sharks and remora
64
Parasites and Parasitoids
• Parasites: draw resources from
host without killing the host (at
least in the short term).
• Parasitoids: draw resources from
the host and kill them swiftly
(though not necessarily
consuming them).
65
Parasitic wasps
• Important
parasites of
larvae.
• In terms of
biological
control, how
would this differ
from predation?
ovipositor
66
Ecological
Processes
67
Ecological Succession
Primary and Secondary Succession
gradual & fairly predictable change in species
composition with time
•some species colonize & become more
abundant;
•other species decline or even disappear.
68
Ecological Succession
Gradual changing environment in
favor of new / different species /
communities
69
70
Primary
Succession
Glacier
Retreat
71
72
73
Disturbance
Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community;
• Natural disturbance
•tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts,
& floods
• Human–caused disturbance
•deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing,
pollution,mining
• Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary
succession
74
Ecological Stability
Carrying Capacity – maximum number of
individuals the environment can support
75
Ecological Stability - Stress
1. Drop in Primary Productivity
2. Increased Nutrient Losses
3. Decline or extinction of indicator
species
4. Increased populations of insect
pests or disease organisms
5. Decline in Species diversity
6. Presence of Contaminants
76
Which law directed the Secretary of the
Interior to review every roadless area of
5,000 or more acres and every roadless
island within National Wildlife Refuge and
National Park Systems?
A. Endangered Species Act
B. Wilderness Act
C. Lacey Act
D. National Park Act
E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
77
What are keystone species?
A. existing in such small numbers that it is in
danger of becoming extinct
B. introduced to an environment where it is not
native, and that has since become a nuisance
C. likely to become an endangered species within
the foreseeable future throughout all or a
significant portion of its range
D. serve as early warnings of damage to a
community
E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a
disproportionate effect on other organisms within
the system
78
Who did Roosevelt appoint to head
the newly created US Forest
Service to protect and manage the
world’s forests?
A. E.O. Wilson
B. Aldo Leopold
C. Robert MacArthur
D. Stephen Mather
E. Gifford Pinchot
79
Mutualism benefits:
A) one of the organisms & hurts
the other
B) neither of the organisms
C) both of the organisms
D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the
other
E) only one of the organisms
80
Commensalism:
A) benefits only one of the organisms
B) benefits both organisms
C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other
D) benefits neither of the organisms
81
Biodiversity:
A) decreases with speciation and
extinction
B) decreases with speciation and
increases with extinction
C) increases with speciation and
extinction
D) increases with speciation and
decreases with extinction
82
What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?
A) behavioral isolation
B) habitat isolation
C) mechanical isolation
D) hybrid isolation
83
Which of the following does
species richness not depend on?
A) rate of immigration
B) island size
C) distance from mainland
D) types of species
84
Which is a species on which the
persistence of a large number of other
species in the ecosystem depends?
A) r-strategists
B) k-strategists
C) nonnative
D) keystone
85
What is not characteristic of a
k-strategists?
A) long life
B) bigger bodies
C) produce a lot of offspring
D) produce late in life
86
What is not a predator
adaptation?
A) prey detection
B) prey capture
C) eating prey
D) avoid detection
E) mass numbers
87
Bibliography
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Miller 11th Edition
http://abandoncorporel.ca/medias/evolution.jpg
http://www.ne.jp/asahi/clinic/yfc/fetus.html
rob.ossifrage.net/images/
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Five_Kingdoms_Three_Domains.htm
http://www.gpc.peachnet.edu/~ccarter/Millerlec5/Millerlec5.PPT
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/education/horseshoecrab/lifecycle.html
http://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htm
http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/NamSpecies.htm
http://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htm
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/complex_life/complex_life.html
http://nsm1.nsm.iup.edu/rwinstea/oparin.shtm
http://www.angelfire.com/on2/daviddarling/MillerUreyexp.htm
http://exobiology.nasa.gov/ssx/biomod/origin_of_life_slideshow/origin_of_life_slideshow.html
http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo104/HistoryofEarth.html
http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/objectives/o2_cellular_components.html
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.html
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/teach_rad.html
http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/pi179.htm
http://www.npca.org/magazine/2001/march_april/nonnative_species.asp
http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/spot_spkey.htm
Biology, 2003, Prentice Hall
http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/island.htm
http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/lect_1.htm
88