Transcript Section 18-3 - Effingham County Schools

Section 1-3
Review the Characteristics of
Living Things
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called
cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things obtain and use materials and
energy and excrete the wastes.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell.
Animals and trees are multicellular.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from
maple trees produce maple trees.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and
then become adult flies.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals
obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change
over time and acquire characteristics that
help them survive.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have
become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Living things are based on a universal
genetic code called DNA.
Living things grow and develop.
Go to
Section:
Classification
A. What is Classification?
1. Grouping things in a logical manner- similar
things grouped together
B. Why Classify?
1. B/c scientists need an effective system to
study the approximate 2.5 million known
organisms
2. So that all scientists can use the same
terminology for the same species.
C. How are living things classified?
1. Biologists use Taxonomy- science of
classifying and giving a scientific name to
organisms.
a. Binomial nomenclature- two word naming
system. Each species name has two
parts: Genus name and Species name,
usually based on Latin or Greek; ex- dogs
belong to species Canis familiaris .
1. What is a catfish?
2. What is a dandelion?
3. What is a jellyfish?
4. What is a bullfrog?
5. What is a dragonfly?
• American Coot?
• Spring Peeper?
• Brown Booby?
D. Who started all this?
• Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist,
18th Century, developed two name
system.
1. Before Linnaeus there was no order to
taxonomy.
2. Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of
organization, each level called a taxon
(taxa-pl.)
Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
Species name is most
specific!
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Go to
Section:
D. Who started all this?
• Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18th
Century, developed two name system.
1. Before Linnaeus there was no order to
taxonomy.
2. Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of
organization, each level called a taxon (taxapl.)
3. Linnaeus’s placed all living things in to one of
two Kingdoms- Animalia or Plantae
4. Today we have 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
King
Kingdom
Scientific Name=
Phillip
Phylum
Came
Class
Ex: Homo sapien
Over
Order
Rules:
For
Family
Great
Genus
Spaghetti
Species
Genus and Species
1.
Genus is always
capitalized and species
is always lower case.
2.
Both are always
italicized or underlined
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Fungi
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Protists
Fungi
Plants
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Archaebacteria
Which
can be
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Protists
Fungi
Plants
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Which
can be
Animals
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Scientific Name
Ex: Homo sapien
Rules:
Genus is always capitalized and species
is always lower case.
Both are always italicized or underlined
Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
Species name is most
specific!
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Go to
Section:
The Six Kingdoms
Organisms are placed into kingdoms based
on five questions
1. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
2. Unicellular or Multicellular?
3. Producer or Consumer?
4. Does it have a cell wall or not?
5. Does it live in extreme environments?
DNA
Nucleus
with DNA
1
Prokaryotic
Cells
Eukaryotic
Cells
3
Prokaryotic
Cells
Eukaryotic
Cells
1
2
Prokaryotic
Cells
Eukaryotic
Cells
3
Cell
1
Membrane
Prokaryotic
Cells
2
DNA
Eukaryotic
Cells
Cytoplasm
3
Cell
1
Membrane
1
2
Prokaryotic
Cells
3
2
DNA
Eukaryotic
Cells
4
5
Cytoplasm
3
1
2
Prokaryotic
Cells
3
4
5
Bacteria1
No Nucleus
2
No Organelles
3
4
Unicellular
Microscopic5
Prokaryotic
Cells
Bacteria
Cell
1
Membrane
1
2
No
Nucleus
No
Organelles
Prokaryotic
Cells
2
DNA
3
4
5
Eukaryotic
Cells
Unicellular
Microscopic
6
Cytoplasm
3
7
Organelles
1
2 Nucleus
3Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cells
4 Protists
5Plants
6 Fungi
7Animals
Bacteria
Cell
1
Membrane
Organelles
1
2
Nucleus
No
Nucleus
No
Organelles
Prokaryotic
Cells
2
DNA
Multicellu
Eukaryotic
Cells
Protists
5
Plants
Unicellular
Fungi
Microscopic
Cytoplasm
3
Animals
• Unicellular – organisms that exist in nature
as a single cell; usually microscopic
• Multicellular – organisms that are more
complex; usually with tissues and organs
• Producers – (a. k a. autotrophs) organisms
that can carry out photosynthesis to obtain
energy
• Consumers – (a.k.a. heterotrophs)
organism that eat producers or other
consumers to obtain energy
Kingdom Archaebacteria
1. Prokaryote
2. Have a cell wall and some use
flagella for movement
3. Unicellular
4. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
5. Asexual
6. Methanogens and halophiles
– Live in very extreme
environments
– Only recently recognized as a
separate bacteria kingdom
– Can be helpful & harmful
Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Prokaryote
2. Have cell walls and
some use flagella for
movement
3. Unicellular
4. Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
5. Asexual
6. E-coli & Streptococcus
– Can be helpful & harmful
– Largest of the two bacteria
kingdoms & can live
almost anywhere
Kingdom Protista
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Eukaryote
Nucleus and many other
organelles
Most unicellular or some
multicellular
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Most reproduce asexually,
some sexually
Paramecium. Amoeba, algae
–
–
Very diverse kingdom
The “Junk Drawer”
Algae
Kingdom Fungi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Eukaryote
Nucleus and many
organelles; cell walls of chitin
Multicellular (except yeast)
All Heterotrophs– they eat!
Can reproduce asexually
with spores or sexually
Examples: Mushrooms,
mold, lichens
–
–
Important decomposers
Nature’s Recyclers
Kingdom Plantae
1. Eukaryote
2. Nucleus and many
organelles, cell walls of
cellulose
3. All Multicellular
4. All are Autotrophs
5. Reproduce sexually with
pollen or asexually
6. Trees, grass, ferns
–
Oxygen producers
Kingdom Animalia
1. Eukaryote
2. Nucleus and many
organelles, do not have
cell walls
3. All Multicellular
4. All Heterotrophs
5. Reproduce sexually or
asexually
6. Examples: insects, fish,
humans
–
Hey! That’s You!
Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Go to
Section:
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and
Three Domains
Section 18-3
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Go to
Section:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
Go to
Section:
Archaea
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls
or
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Heterotroph
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Go to
Section:
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd
Go to
Section:
Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
Groups of and organ systems
Cells
Brain
Nervous tissue
Cells
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
Molecules most chemical
compounds
Go to
Section:
Water
DNA
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Go to
Section: