Transcript Eukaryote - Effingham County Schools

The goal of science is to
investigate and understand
nature, to explain events in
nature, and to use those
explanations to make useful
predictions.
I. What is science?
A. Science is an organized way of using
evidence to learn about the natural
world.
B. (It also means the body of knowledge
that exists about the natural world)
– Science only deals with what can be
tested. It does not make value
judgments.
Genetically Modified Food
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Breyer's Ice Cream
Budweiser beer
Campbell's Soup
Diet Coke
Enfamil Infant
Formula
Friskies & Purina
Healthy Choice
Green Giant
Kelloggs
Nestle
Kraft
II. What skills are necessary in
order to be a good scientist?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Curiosity
Honesty
Open-mindedness
Skepticism
Logical thinking
Patience
Willingness to figure things out!
III.The Significance of Biology
as a Science
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The world’s food supply
Environmental factors that might be harmful
Maintaining the environment
Medicines and medical treatment
Maintaining good health
Providing energy to power automobiles,
homes, and industry
•
An understanding of science and the
scientific approach is essential to making
intelligent decisions.
Designing an Experiment using the Steps of the
Scientific Method
1.State the Problem
5. Analyze Results
2. Form a Hypothesis
6. Draw a Conclusion
3. Set Up a Controlled Experiment
7. Share Results
4. Record Results
8.
REPEAT!!
IV. The Scientific Method is
even used to
solve everyday problems.
You may not realize it, but you probably use the
scientific method many times throughout your
day.
I. A Controlled Experiment
A. Only tests one variable at a time
(Variable= factor in an experiment)
B. Control Variable – what the scientist
keeps constant
C. Manipulated Variable- what the scientist
deliberately changes (Should only have
one – this is usually what is being tested)
D. Responding Variable – changes in
response to the manipulated variable
Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous
Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Covered jars
Several
days pass
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous
generation of maggots did not occur.
Go to
Section:
E. hypothesis: a possible explanation or
answer to a scientific question
F. theory: a hypothesis that has been
supported by many experiments
Characteristics of Living Things
Section 1-3
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called
cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things obtain and use materials and
energy.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell.
Animals and trees are multicellular.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from
maple trees produce maple trees.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and
then become adult flies.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals
obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change
over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have
become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Go to
Section:
Ecological Levels of Organization
Section 3-1
Go to
Section:
A Food Web
Section 3-2
Go to
Section:
Classification
I. The What, Why, How & Who of Classification
A. What is Classification?
1. Grouping things in a logical manner- similar things
grouped together
B. Why Classify?
1. B/c scientists need an effective system to study the
approximate 2.5 million known organisms
2. So that all scientists can use the same terminology
for the same species.
C. How are living things classified?
1. Biologists use Taxonomy- science of
classifying and giving a scientific name to
organisms.
a. Binomial nomenclature- two word naming
system. Each species name has two
parts: Genus name and Species name,
usually based on Latin or Greek; ex- dogs
belong to species Canis familiaris .
1. What is a catfish?
2. What is a dandelion?
3. What is a jellyfish?
4. What is a bullfrog?
5. What is a dragonfly?
• American Coot?
• Spring Peeper?
• Brown Booby?
D. Who started all this?
• Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18th
Century, developed two name system.
1. Before Linnaeus there was no order to
taxonomy.
2. Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of
organization, each level called a taxon (taxapl.)
3. Linnaeus’s placed all living things in to one of
two Kingdoms- Animalia or Plantae
4. Today we have 6 kingdoms
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
King
Kingdom
Scientific Name=
Phillip
Phylum
Came
Class
Ex: Homo sapien
Over
Order
Rules:
For
Family
Great
Genus
Spaghetti
Species
Genus and Species
1.
Genus is always
capitalized and species
is always lower case.
2.
Both are always
italicized or underlined
Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
Species name is most
specific!
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Go to
Section:
E. Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Only recently recognized
as a separate bacteria
kingdom
• Live in very extreme
environments
• Have a cell wall and
some use flagella for
movement
• Unicellular – single celled
• Prokaryote – simple cell
with no nucleus
• Reproduce asexually
• Can be helpful & harmful
F. Kingdom Eubacteria
• Largest of the two
bacteria kingdoms & can
live almost anywhere
• Have cell walls and some
use flagella for movement
• Unicellular – single celled
• Prokaryote – simple cell
with no nucleus
• Reproduce Asexually
• Can be helpful & harmful
G. Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryote – complex cell
with a nucleus
• Most reproduce
asexually, some sexually
• Very diverse kingdom
• Can be autotrophs
(producers) or
heterotrophs (consumers)
• Can be unicellular or
multicellular
• Examples: Algae,
Amoeba, Diatoms
Algae
H. Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryote – complex cell
with a nucleus
• Multicellular (except
yeast)
• Can reproduce asexually
with spores or sexually
• Heterotrophs
(consumers) – they eat!
• Important decomposers
• Examples: Mushrooms,
mold, lichens
I. Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryote – complex
cell with a nucleus
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
(producers) – they
carry out
photosynthesis
• Reproduce sexually
with pollen or
asexually
J. Kingdom Animalia
• Hey! That’s You!
• Eukaryote – complex
cell with a nucleus
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
(consumers)
• Reproduce sexually
• Examples: insects,
fish, humans
Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Go to
Section:
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and
Three Domains
Section 18-3
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Go to
Section:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
Go to
Section:
Archaea
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms
and Domains
Section
18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Eukarya
Fungi
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls
with
peptidoglyc
an
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
Cell walls of
cellulose in
chitin
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Strep.,
E- coli
X-tremophiles
Go to
Section:
Protista
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Mushrooms,
Amoeba,
yeasts
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Protist web site
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls
or
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants
Heterotroph
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Go to
Section:
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd
Go to
Section:
Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
Groups of and organ systems
Cells
Brain
Nervous tissue
Cells
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
Molecules most chemical
compounds
Go to
Section:
Water
DNA
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
Go to
Section: