Transcript Chapter 9 - Angelfire

Sustaining Biodiversity:
The Species Approach
Chapter 9
Core Case Study: Declining Bird
Species (1)
 Decline of 70% of 9,775 known species
 Birds around humans benefited, but forest
species declined
 Long-distance migrants – greatest decline
Core Case Study: Declining Bird
Species (2)
 Reasons
• Climate change
• Habitat loss
• Fragmentation
 Birds environmental indicators
 Perform economic and ecological services
Threatened U.S. Songbirds
Florida scrub jay
Kirtland's warbler
Black-capped vireo
Bachman's warbler Henslow's sparrow
Fig. 9-1, p. 176
Florida scrub jay
Kirtland's warbler
Black-capped vireo
Bachman's warbler Henslow's sparrow
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-1, p. 176
9-1 What Role Do Humans Play in the
Premature Extinction of Species?
 Concept 9-1 The current rate of species
extinction is at least 100 times the rate that
existed before modern humans arrived on earth,
and is expected to increase to between 1,000
and 10,000 times the earlier rate during this
century.
Three Types of Extinction
 Local extinction
 Ecological extinction
 Biological extinction
Ecological Smoke Alarms
 Endangered species
 Threatened species
 The first to go large, slow, tasty, or have
valuable parts
 Some behaviors make species prone to
extinction
Species Prematurely Extinct
Passenger pigeon Great auk
Dodo
Dusky seaside
sparrow
Aepyornis
(Madagascar)
Fig. 9-2, p. 178
Calculating Extinction Rates
 Extinction takes a long time, difficult to document
 Only identified 1.8 million species – most
unknown
 Know little of ecological role of most species
 Average species survive 1–10 million years
 Species-area relationship
Endangered or Threatened Species (1)
Endangered or Threatened Species (2)
Fig. 9-3, p. 179
Grizzly bear
Kirkland’s
warbler
Utah prairie dog Swallowtail
butterfly
Knowlton cactus Florida manatee African elephant
Humpback chub Golden lion
tamarin
Siberian tiger
Fig. 9-3a, p. 179
Giant panda
Black-footed
ferret
Mountain gorilla Florida panther
Whooping crane Northern spotted
owl
California condor Hawksbill sea
turtle
Blue whale
Black rhinoceros
Fig. 9-3b, p. 179
Human Activities and Extinction
 Background extinction rate
 Current rate is 100 times background extinction
 Rate likely to rise 1,000–10,000 times with
climate change
 Is a mass extinction coming?
Characteristics of Species Prone
to Extinction
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive
rate (K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant
panda, rhinoceros
Specialized
niche
Blue whale, giant
panda, Everglades
kite
Narrow
distribution
Elephant seal,
desert pupfish
Feeds at high
trophic level
Bengal tiger, bald
eagle, grizzly bear
Fixed migratory
patterns
Blue whale,
whooping crane,
sea turtle
Rare
African violet, some
orchids
Commercially
valuable
Large territories
Snow leopard,
tiger, elephant,
rhinoceros, rare
plants and birds
California condor,
grizzly bear, Florida
panther
Fig. 9-4, p. 180
Percentage of Various Taxa Endangered
Fish
34% (51% of freshwater species)
Amphibians
32%
Mammals
25%
20%
Reptiles
Plants
Birds
14%
12%
Fig. 9-5, p. 180
Current Extinction Rate Estimates Are
Conservative
 Species and biodiversity decrease in next 50–
100 years
 Biodiversity hotspot rates higher than global
average
 Degrading, simplifying, and destroying diverse
environments
9-2 Why Should We Care about
Preventing Species Extinction?
 Concept 9-2 We should prevent the premature
extinction of wild species because of the
economic and ecological services they provide
and because they have a right to exist
regardless of their usefulness to us.
Value of Species
 Instrumental value of biodiversity
• Food crops
• Genetic information
• Medicine
 Do not know what we lose when species go
extinct
Nature’s Pharmacy
Rauvolfia
Rosy periwinkle
Pacific
yew
Neem tree
Foxglove
Cinchona
Rauvolfia sepentina,
Southeast Asia
Anxiety, high
blood pressure
Taxus brevifolia,
Pacific Northwest
Ovarian cancer
Digitalis purpurea,
Europe
Digitalis for heart failure
Cathranthus roseus,
Madagascar
Hodgkin's disease,
lymphocytic leukemia
Cinchona ledogeriana,
South America
Quinine for malaria treatment
Azadirachta indica,
India
Treatment of many
diseases, insecticide,
spermicide
Fig. 9-6, p. 181
Values of Species Diversity
 Recreational pleasure value
 Eco-tourism >$500 billion per year
 Ethical obligations – intrinsic (existence) value
 Foundation of earth’s ecosystems bacteria and
other microorganisms
9-3 How Do Humans Accelerate
Species Extinction?
 Concept 9-3 The greatest threats to any
species are (in order) loss or degradation of its
habitat, harmful invasive species, human
population growth, pollution, climate change,
and overexploitation.
Underlying and Direct Causes
of Depletion
Fig. 9-7, p. 183
Secondary Causes of Endangerment and
Premature Extinction (HIPPCO) (1)
 Habitat destruction
 Invasive species
 Population growth
 Pollution
Secondary Causes of Endangerment and
Premature Extinction (HIPPCO) (2)
 Climate change
 Overexploitation
Habitat Loss
 Deforestation of tropical areas greatest
eliminator of species
 Endemic species
 Habitat fragmentation
Range Reductions in Four Species
Fig. 9-8a, p. 184
Fig. 9-8b, p. 184
Fig. 9-8c, p. 184
Fig. 9-8d, p. 184
Species Introductions
 Most beneficial – food crops, livestock, pest
control
 500,000 alien invader species globally
 50,000 nonnative species in the U.S.
Deliberately Introduced Species
Accidentally Introduced Species
Deliberately Introduced Species
Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee Nutria
(“Killer bee”)
Marine toad
(Giant toad)
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetle
Hydrilla
Salt cedar
(Tamarisk)
European wild boar
(Feral pig)
Fig. 9-9a, p. 185
Accidentally Introduced Species
Sea lamprey
Argentina fire
(attached to lake ant
trout)
Brown tree
snake
Eurasian ruffe
Common pigeon
(Rock dove)
Formosan
termite
Asian longhorned beetle
Asian tiger
mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
Zebra mussel
Fig. 9-9b, p. 185
Case Study: The Kudzu Vine
 Kudzu introduced to control erosion
 Prolific growth
 Uses
• Asians use powdered starch in beverages
• Source of tree-free paper
• Japanese kudzu farm in Alabama
Invasive Kudzu Vine
Fig. 9-10, p. 186
Disruptions from Accidentally
Introduced Species
 Downside of global trade
 Argentina fire ant
 Burmese python
Argentina Fire Ant
Fig. 9-11, p. 186
Prevention of Nonnative Species (1)
 Identify characteristics of successful invaders
 Detect and monitor invasions
 Inspect imported goods
 Identify harmful invasive species and ban
transfer
Prevention of Nonnative Species (2)
 ships discharge ballast waters at sea
 introduce natural control organisms of invaders
Characteristics of Successful Invaders
Fig. 9-12, p. 187
What Can You Do?
Fig. 9-13, p. 188
Human Choices Drive Extinction
 Human population growth
 Excessive, wasteful consumption
 Use of pesticides
DDT and Bioaccumulation
 1950s–1960s fish-eating bird populations drop
 DDT biologically magnified in food webs
 Bird’s eggshells thin and fragile
 Leads to unsuccessful reproduction
Bioaccumulation of DDT
Fig. 9-14, p. 188
DDT in fish-eating
birds (ospreys)
25 ppm
DDT in large
fish (needle fish)
2 ppm
DDT in small
fish (minnows)
0.5 ppm
DDT in
zooplankton
0.04 ppm
DDT in water
0.000003 ppm,
or 3 ppt
Fig. 9-14, p. 188
Recovery
 Bald eagle recovered
 Factors leading to recovery
• Ban on DDT
• Crackdown on hunting
• Prevention of habitat destruction
Climate Change and Extinction
 More rapid compared to the past
 Expected to eliminate >25% of land animal and
plant species
 Polar bears and penguins threatened
Illegal Killing and Trading of Wildlife
 Poaching endangers many larger animals, rare
plants
 Over two-thirds die in transit
 Illegal trade $6–$10 billion per year
 Wild species depleted by pet trade
 Exotic plants often illegally gathered
White Rhinoceros Poached for Its Horn
Fig. 9-15, p. 189
The Value of Wild Rare Species
 Declining populations increase black market
values
 Rare species valuable in the wild – eco-tourism
 Some ex-poachers turn to eco-tourism
Rising Demand for Bush Meat
 Traditional use of bush meat
 Demand increasing with population growth
 Increased road access
 Loggers, miners, ranchers add to pressure
 Local and biological extinctions
Bush Meat on the Rise
Fig. 9-16, p. 190
9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species
from Premature Extinction?
 Concept 9-4A We can use existing
environmental laws and treaties and work to
enact new laws designed to prevent species
extinction and to protect overall biodiversity.
 Concept 9-4B We can help prevent species
extinction by creating and maintaining wildlife
refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, zoos,
and aquariums.
International Treaties
 Convention on International Trade of
Endangered Species (CITES)
 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Case Study: Controversy over the U.S.
Endangered Species Act (1)
 National Marine Fisheries Services – ocean
species
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – other species
 Listings based on biological factors
 Forbids federal agency projects that jeopardize
listed species or habitats
Case Study: Controversy over the U.S.
Endangered Species Act (2)
 Fines violations on private land – 90% listed
species on private land
 Illegal to sell or buy listed species
 1,180 species listed
 USFWS and NMFS supposed to prepare
recovery plan – 25% species have a plan
Case Study: Controversy over the U.S.
Endangered Species Act (3)
 Successful recovery plans include American
alligator and grey wolf
 Lax enforcement
 Smugglers not aware of dangerous diseases in
exotic species
 Amended to give private landowners economic
incentive to save species
Case Study: Controversy over the U.S.
Endangered Species Act (4)
 ESA protect endangered marine reptiles and
mammals
 Challenges to protecting marine species
• Limited knowledge of species
• Difficulty in monitoring and enforcing treaties –
open oceans
Hawaiian Monk Seal with Plastic Debris
Fig. 9-17, p. 192
Endangered Green Sea Turtle
Fig. 9-18, p. 192
Opposition to Endangered Species Act
 Opponents want:
•
•
•
•
•
Voluntary protection on private land
Government compensation for land owners
Bureaucratic obstacles to listing species
Elimination of need for critical habitat
Exemptions granted by Secretary of Interior
 Steps to weaken ESA
New Ecosystems Approach
 Inventory country’s species and ecosystems
 Locate and protect the most endangered
ecosystems
 Make development biodiversity-friendly through
financial incentives and technical help
Science Focus: Accomplishments of the
Endangered Species Act
 Biologists defend limited success
 Need more funding
 Develop recovery plans more quickly
 Core habitat established when listed
Establish Wildlife Refuges
 National Wildlife Refuge System
 Wetland refuges
 35 million American visitors
 20% of listed species in refuge system
Storing Genetic Information
 Gene or seed banks
 Botanical gardens
 Farms – commercial sale of endangered species
removes pressure
Zoos and Aquariums for Protection
 Collect species with long-term goal of returning
them into habitat
 100–500 captive individuals to avoid extinction
 10,000 individuals to maintain capacity for
biological evolution
9-5 What Is Reconciliation Ecology?
 Concept 9-5 We can help protect some species
from premature extinction by finding ways to
share the places we dominate with them.
Reconciliation Ecology
 Danger that biodiversity preserve efforts will fail
 Develop reconciliation ecology
Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge (1)
 Blackfoot River – large Montana watershed
 600 plant and 21 large animal species
 Seven human communities, 2,500 rural
households
 Community established Action Team
Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge (2)
 Developed Restoration, sustainable grazing,
conservation easement plans
 Created corridor between undeveloped lands
 Restored wetlands, streams
Animation: Species Diversity By Latitude
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Animation: Area and Distance Effects
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Animation: Humans Affect Biodiversity
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Animation: Resources Depletion and
Degradation
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Animation: Biodiversity Hot Spots
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Animation: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
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Video: New Species Found
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Video: Hsing Hsing Dies
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Video: Penguin Rescue
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Video: Bachelor Pad at the Zoo
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Video: Sea Turtle Release
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Video: Human Zoo
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