Transcript Cleaner Shrimp

Relationships Are
Complicated!
Symbiosis Overview
We all live together!
• Most all living things have to interact with
one another for survival.
– Symbiosis – describes any relationship that
develops between two species because they
live together
• The way in which different species interact
serves to define the type of ecosystem.
– There are various forms of symbiosis:
Competition
Competition is when two organisms use the same
space and resources at the same time.
Competition can occur between organisms of the
same species or different species
Competitive Exclusion Principle – No two species
can occupy the same niche in the same habitat
at the same time.
Competition
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
Which
means both
of them are
harmed.
http://elementy.ru/images/eltbook/competitive_exclusion_principle_520.jpg
Kudzu Competition
•
Kudzu was introduced to the
•
•
•
United States in 1876 at the
Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia, PA.
It “outcompetes” other
native plants so they don’t
have a place to grow.
http://news.uns.purdue.edu/images/+2005/nice-kudzu.jpg
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nw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkudzu%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
Competition – introduced
species
The Eastern Bluebird is being
forced into smaller
numbers by the House
Sparrow, an introduced
species.
http://my.core.com/~paper-images/Eastern_Bluebird022v.jpg
http://photogallery.canberrabirds.org.au/images/Sparrow_House_Dabb.jpg
Mutualism
• a relationship where both organisms
benefit in some way
• This can involve providing food, protection,
a place to live or even pollination.
Mutualism - Clownfish and
Anemone
The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in
return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it
(angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of
dirt and
debris.
http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg
Mutualism - Lichens
Lichens consist of a
fungus with an algae
or photosynthetic
bacterium living
inside the fungus.
The alga provides
food for both of them
and the fungus
provides a habitat for
the alga.
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dsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Termites and Endosymbiotic
Protists
http://web.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~deb10/termite/image22.gif
http://www.ppru.cornell.edu/news/national_program_poster/picture/Humans1.jpg
The protists digest cellulose for the
termites, and the termites provide food
for the protists.
Mutualism – Ant and Aphid
http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg
The ants protect and ‘farm’ the aphids, while the aphids provide them
with nectar.
Oxpecker and Ox
The oxpecker (bird) eats the
parasites from the coat of the ox,
so the ox has a clean coat and
the bird has easy access to food.
http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/NSEP/fmd/Images/oxpecker.jpg
Another ox(?)pecker
http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/impala_knp-9113_blog.jpg
More Ox (?) peckers
http://www.wildlifesafari.info/images/birds/oxpecker_yellow-billed.jpg
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Plants
The bacterial colonies in the roots of the plants provide
nitrogen to the plants from the soil. In return, the plants
provide the bacteria with food.
http://www.nitragin.com/images/inoc/pg4-1.jpg
http://www.pitt.edu/~biohome/Dept/Img/graphics/vo_nodule.jpg
Bioluminescent Fish
Bacteria living in the angler of
the fish produce a waste
product that glows in the dark.
The fish uses this ‘light’ to lure
and capture prey.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/deeplight/
media/fig3a_400.jpg
Commensalism
• a relationship where one organism
benefits & the other is “unaffected.”
• There is a debate about whether
commensalism is actually a one-way
relationship or an undiscovered form of
mutualism.
Cattle Egret and Cattle
Unlike the oxpecker,
the cattle egret does
not clean the coat of
the cow. Instead, it
hangs around waiting
to eat the dead bugs
that the cow swats
from its back. The
cow receives no
benefit for the bird
being present.
http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/ShorebirdsWaders/CAEG6.jpg
Sharks and Remoras
The remoras (small
fish) hang around the
shark and eat any
leftover scraps from
the shark’s prey. The
shark seemingly
receives no benefit,
but it is often
questioned as to why
the shark does not
simply eat the
remoras.
http://www.mcss.sc/images/Newsletter/ws_johannes.jpg
Commensalism – whale and
barnacle
The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale, and form the adult. This
habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.
•http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg
Commensalism – limpets on
mussel shell
Parasitism
• a relationship where one organism
benefits and the other is harmed.
• The interaction may eventually lead to the
death of the organism, but not in all cases.
Cuckoo Bird and Small Nesting
Birds
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~seal/niche/images/figure03.jpg
http://www.arkive.org/media/60E33029-6DA4-4C7A-89BC30DEE08BC0C2/Presentation.Large/Dunnock_nest_with_three_dunnock_eggs_and_one_cuckoo_egg_.jpg
The cuckoo bird lays its eggs in the
nests of other birds. When its
young hatch, they are raised by a
bird of a different species. The
young of the ‘parent’ bird are killed
and it doesn’t get to reproduce.
Leeches and Mammal Host
Leeches suck blood
and nutrients from
their hosts. The host
rarely dies, but does
lose nutrients and may
have to work harder to
support its nutritional
needs.
http://www.biopharm-leeches.com/images/hand2.jpg
Mistletoe – a plant parasite
Mistletoe lives
off the
branches and
stems of
Other trees. It
can photosynthesize a
little but not
enough to
meet its
needs. The
tree is often
greatly
effected.
http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG
Tapeworm and Mammal Host
http://gecko.gc.maricopa.edu/~lsola/bio182/labreview/platyhelminthes/tapeworm.jpg
http://constantstateofflux.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/tape
worm1.jpg
http://twc.bc.ca/images/toons/Bleachers-Tapeworm.gif
Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the
intestines of their host. The host can be
greatly effected by the loss of nutrients,
including eventual death in severe
cases.
http://www.britishbeef.co.uk/scolexpicture.jpg
Tobacco Hornworm and Wasp
Cocoons
The wasp lays it eggs on the
caterpillar. When they hatch, the
larvae burrow into the caterpillar and
eat him from the inside out. In this
way, the wasp offspring are provided
with a temporary habitat and an
immediate source of food.
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/SustAg/GSFgraphics/hornwormparasiteweb.jpg
Heartworms and Dogs
The worm larvae are
transferred from dog to
dog through the bite of
an infected mosquito.
The mosquito sucks
larval heartworms with
blood from an infected
dog. The mosquito then
bites another dog and
transfers these
microscopic larva as it
bites. During the next few
months, these larva
migrate through the dogs
body arriving at the heart
several months later
where they become
adults.
http://www.greatlakesbcrescue.org/HealthNTraining/heartworms.JPG
Predator-Prey
• a relationship where one organism
benefits and the other dies.
Predator prey
In this Predator-Prey
relationship, the
spider is eating an
insect that it has
trapped.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/flashmaggie/50552812/
Predator-Prey
• In a predator-prey relationship one
organism benefits and the other is killed.
The Ultimate Predator – a
Wildcat!
http://www.birdsasart.com/cheetah-w-prey-_T9J1935-Sambura-WR,-Kenya.jpg