Transcript The Organization of Life

The Organization of Life
Ecosystems:
Everything is Connected
Ecosystem
• All of the organisms
living in an area
together with their
physical environment.
Components of an Ecosystem
• Abiotic—nonliving parts
of the ecosystem.
including air, water,
rocks, sand, light,
weather, and
temperature
• Biotic—living and once
living parts of an
ecosystem.
• Organism—individual living thing
• Species—group of organisms that are
closely related and can mate to
produce offspring.
• Population—all the members of the
same species that live in the same
place at the same time
• Community—a group of various
species that live in the saqqme place
and interact with each other
• Habitat--the place an organism lives
In-Class Work—Team of Two
• Consider the following:
honeybees, sunflowers,
earthworms, red-winged
blackbirds, and moles.
• Brainstorm and draw a
possible ecosystem using
these organisms.
• Label at least three
interactions
• Put your names, hour,
date in upper right corner
and turn in by end of the
hour.
Evolution
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Natural Selection
Adaptation
Artificial Selection
Evolution of
Resistance
Natural Selection
• Over many generations
natural selection causes
the characteristics of
populations to change.
• Darwin and Fossils
--remains of extinct species
from which modern
species evolved.
Traits were the Key
• Organism produce more offspring than
can survive.
• Result: periods of more diversity in food
Environment is Hostile
• Environment contains
things and situations
that can kill
organisms, and the
resources needed to
live, such as food and
water, are limited.
• Name an example.
Survival of the Fittest
What does this
mean to you?
• The fittest is one that
survives to pass its genes
on, is the one most
adapted to its current or
changing environment. It
doesn’t necessarily mean
it has to fight to survive.
Organisms Differ in Traits
• Resistance to
disease
• Coloration
• Size
• And so on….
Inherited Traits are an Advantage
• Coping with
Environmental
Challenges
• “naturally selected
for”
• Survive longer and
produce more
offspring
Each Generation contains
proportionately more organisms
• Trait changes show
up in greater
proportion of offspring
than previous
generations.
Adaptations
• Inherited trait that
increases an
organism’s chance of
survival and
reproduction in a
certain environment.
Animals of the Prairie
Darwin’s Finches Activity
Form Four groups for four different species
of finch’s bills:
• A. Thin
• B. Medium
• C. Small and powerful
• D. Large and powerful
Draw Cards to simulate food types
Adapted (civilized) Crops
• Corn was once a
grass (teosinte)
• Cotton
• Tomatoes
• Chili peppers
• Tobacco
• Pineapple
• Squash
• avocadoes
Coevolution
• Organisms that adapt
to other organisms as
well as to their
physical environment.
• Bird developed a
curved thin beak to
reach nectar; flower
developed to ensure
pollen would get onto
head as it sips nectar
Artificial Selection
• Selective breeding of
organisms by humans
for specific
characteristics.
Resistance Evolution
• Ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a
particular chemical design to kill it.
• A. Billbug
B. Sugar Cane Beetle
• 1. Insect pests are sprayed with an
insecticide. Only a few resistant ones
survive.
• 2. The survivors pass on the trait for
resistance to offspring.
• 3. When the same insecticide is used
again, more insects survive.
Diversity of Living Things
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Bacteria
Fungi
Protists
Plants
Animals
Bacteria
• Archaebacteria—live
in harsh environments
like hot springs
• Eubacteria—very
common throughout
terrestrial and aquatic
environments.
Fungus
• All fungi absorb their food
(after breaking it down
chemically) from their
surroundings.
• Some fungi causes
diseases (Athlete’s foot)
• Other fungi add flavor to
food (blue cheese or
yeast to produce gas to
make bread rise)
Protists
• either they are
unicellular, or they are
multicellular without
specialized tissues.
• This simple cellular
organization
distinguishes the
protists from other
eukaryotes, such as
fungi, animals and
plants.
Plants-Gymosperms
• Gymosperms means “naked sperm”
• do not produce flowers barring a few exceptions.
• heterosporous which means that they produce
different male and female spores. The
microspores develop into pollen grains and the
megaspores are in an ovule.
• produce cones.
• do not bear fruits.
• propagate via wind pollination
Plants--Angiosperms
Angiosperms are “vessel
seed”—flowering plants
that produce seeds in
fruit—rely on insects to
spread pollen
Angiosperm Challenge
Get into groups of four
(4) people
At the signal, you have
three minutes to write
down everything that
is a product (fruit) of
an angiosperm.
Six Kingdoms of Life
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Protista
Plants
Animals
Archaebacteria
• Single-celled, lack nuclei, live in
extreme environments, also
known as extremophiles
• An extremophile (from Latin
extremus meaning "extreme" and
Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning
"love") is an organism that thrives
in and may even require
physically or geochemically
extreme conditions that are
detrimental to most life on Earth.
Eubacteria
Single-celled, lack nuclei;
domain of the germs
Fungi
• Have cell walls, absorb
food through body
surface; primary purpose
is as a decomposer; a
member of a large group
of eukaryotic organisms
that includes
microorganisms such as
yeasts and molds, as well
as the more familiar
mushrooms.
Protists
• Mostly single-celled, most
live in water; are a
diverse group of
eukaryotic
microorganisms either
they are unicellular, or
they are multicellular
without specialized
tissues.
Plants
• Multi-celled, photosynthesize
food, have cell walls;
angiosperms and
gymnosperms
Animals
Invertebrates-lack backbones
• 95% of all animal species
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Arachnids (spiders)
Crustaceans
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Insects
Protozoa
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Annelids (worms, leeches)
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Mollusks
Echindoderms (starfish)
Let’s do the Math
• Suppose an insect lays 80 eggs
on a plant. If 70% of the eggs
hatch and 80% of those that hatch
die before reaching adulthood,
how many insects will reach
adulthood?
80 eggs x 0.7 = 56 hatchlings
56 x (1-0.8) = 11 survive to reach
adulthood
Insects
• More insects exist on Earth than any other
animal
Successful because….
• Have waterproof external skeleton
• Small size means less food needed
• Reproduce quickly
• Move quickly
Vertebrates
Can you name the groups?
Amphibians—toads, frogs, salamanders
Reptiles—snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles
Birds—warm blooded with feathers, birth in eggs
Mammals—warm blooded with fur, feed their
young milk, live birth