Transcript Natural Resources

中国南海沿海地区生物多样性管理
Biodiversity Management
in the Coastal Area of the
China’s South Sea
(BMCACSS)
联合国规划署 (United Nations Development Program)
全球环境基金(Global Environmental Facility)
国家海洋局 (State Oceanic Administration )
Strategies to develop an
UNDP project
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An UN project must have global significance
As UN project is country-driven project, it must have
full support of central government (endorsement
letter for Ministry of Finance)
As project will be implemented at different site, it
must have local government’s commitment and
support (interest)
As project will also be community-based, it must be
supported by local communities and various
stakeholders.
Strategies to develop an
UNDP project
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Site selection needs to consider all the
baselines (governmental support,
stakeholders’ support, existing
management system, existing strength,
global and national significance,
threats/root-causes (must be removable)
Best way to achieve these is to conduct
careful site visits, local stakeholder
consultation, workshops, social-economic
assessment….
Strategies to develop an
UNDP project
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Based on existing baseline information to
design GEF proposal
Proposal shall focus on the removable
threats
Proposal shall come up with actual
strategies for removing threats, including
budget, co-finance, community’s inputs….
Proposal shall also include component of
assessment and monitoring.
中国南海沿海地区生物多样性管理
BMCACSS
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项目启动日期 (Starting day):2000年9月(Sept. 2002)
资助机构 (Sponsor Agent):全球环境基金 (GEF)
申报机构 (Applicant): 联合国规划署 (UNDP)
政府实施部门(Implement agent):国家海洋局 (SOA)
资助机构 (Other sponsors): 中国政府 (PRC
government) /香港科技大学 (HKUST)
执行机构 (Executing agent): 联合国项目服务处
(UNOPS)
技术机构 (Technical supporting agent): 香港科技大
学(HKUST)/TIO
Background
 1996年，第一方案： 南中国海生态网
络 (Econet of South China Sea)
 1997年，第二方案： 国际水域项目
(International water Project)
 1998年，第三方案： 中国南海沿海地
区生物多样性管理(BMCACSS)
Nature of the project
 This is a national project of China
which was submitted through UNDP to
GEF for funding。
 It is not a research project but a
management project focusing on
biodiversity protection)。
 It is a national and local governmentdriven project with assistance of GEF)。
Steering committee(项目指导委员会)
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国家海洋局 (SOA): H Q Li (组长 )
联合国规划署(UNDP): X A Hou
联合国项目服务处(UNOPS): G Gunther
GEF立项专家(GEF expert) : C
Cosslett
项目国家协调员 (NPC): P Y Qian
Objectives
To protect globally significant biodiversity at 4-6 significant
demonstration sites in south-east China by:
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Developing and implementing institutional procedures to
incorporate biodiversity conservation into integrated coastal
zone management frameworks,
Increasing the capacity of local governments to address
biodiversity conservation through the application of
participatory approaches to resource use planning and
management;
Providing a framework for adaptive co-management of coastal
resources through improved monitoring, assessment, and
sharing of data and information
Promoting replication of models of biodiversity conservation
through ICZM for application at other sites on the south-east
coast of China.
Background
 China is a “mega-biodiversity’ country, having 10% of species in the world.
 The highest levels of marine diversity along the South China Sea coast.
 The main coastal ecosystems in southeast China include tropical &
subtropical forests, grasslands, marshes, and important marine systems.
 Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis), seagrass beds, sea cow (Dugong
dugong), "living fossil" horseshoe crab species, Tachypleus tridentatus, nesting
grounds for the loggerhead and green turtles, 200 species of reef building
corals, habitat to thousands of fish and other invertebrate species.
 high economic potential, e.g. extracts from coral reef organisms found in
China recently have been developed into anti-cancer drugs with multi-million
dollar sales.
 China’s coastal and marine biodiversity is under threat, due to unprecedented
economic growth, social change and population growth, and faces many
problems: poorly planned land use, pollution, over-fishing and other forms of
resource extraction…..
 Many sites that are home to globally significant biodiversity are still in a
condition amenable to interventions to sustainably remove the threats.
 This project is to develop management stratigy to conserve the globally
significant biodiversity on selected sites.
Threats to Biodiversity
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Poorly planned land use
Pollution
over-fishing and other forms of resource extraction/ directly
related to conflict between economic development and
conservation.
Production took priority over protection, over-emphasis on
economic development.
Consultation took priority over participation.
Inappropriate fishing techniques (dynamite, poison,
electricity).
Mining of coral and sand for construction purposes.
Cutting of mangrove forests.
Major problems faced in China
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China has 5 national, 10 provincial and about 30
county nature reserves along the South China Sea
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Incomplete national network of nature reserves
Irrational establishment of nature reserves
Unclear lines of authority
Conflicts
between
economic
development
conservation
Lack of funds and low management skill levels
Lack of law enforcement
and
Fundable areas of GEF support
Capacity building (能力建设)：
training, scientific/technological
support, monitoring program,
management ….
 Public education：
 Some hardware (such as equipment)
 Planning and strategic development
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site
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Criteria for site selection
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Globally significant biodiversity
Existing baseline
Interest and desire of local communities
and government in biodiversity protection
Threats fall in the category of GEF support
Demonstratable
Threats are removable through GEF support
Complete set of project sites maximise cost-effectiveness in terms of
demonstration value
Step 2: Stakeholder consultations
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Preliminary consultations to establish the agreement in principle of local
authorities and communities for each of the candidate sites.
Local workshops at each site will be conducted to secure broad-based
assessments of the issues to be addressed, status of and threats to biodiversity,
and community development goals.
This will complement existing
information on biodiversity and threats, but where necessary, primary data
collection will supplement information collected during the workshops (see
below).
Second-round of stakeholder consultations: when PDF activities are nearing
completion, and the full project strategy is at an advanced stage of
development, during which local endorsement of proposed full project
activities will be sought, and refinements made to such activities where
consensus is found to be lacking. A Participation Plan will also be prepared
for the full project in consultation with stakeholders, and will guide the
choice of conservation strategy and design of interventions.
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Questions to be addressed through consultation
(咨询要解决的问题)
Questions concerning individual stakeholders:
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What are your baseline activities of each stakeholder (details including
financial-current and projected)
Technical capacity (staffing, infrastructure, training background,
budget)
Scope of authority, jurisdiction, legal mandate, overlap and grey areas
Data
Biodiversity significance at global & regional scale
Threats, roots, removable threats
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What are the threats?
Underlining causes
What actions are needed to address the causes
What would be the cost/risk to remove the threats
How to monitor the effectiveness
Questions to be addressed through
consultation
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What can be done to remove the threats；
What are the social/economic constrains and
impact
What would be the cost/risk to remove the threats?
Finance
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Who will pay for what?
How to implement the plan?
Management framework and coordination:
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Roles and degree of involvement of city government
Identification of missing stakeholders (research
institutions, Bureau of Env. Prot.)
ICZM planning
Model Agenda for Local Consultations
Day
1
2
Session 1
Introductory session for all mission participants and
counterparts, including representatives of all key
organizations. Will include: (1) introduction to project
and objectives; (2) explanation of mission, its
organization and objectives; (3) discussion of draft
stakeholder matrix, to understand nature of
organizations’ interest and involvement in the site.
These sessions must include representatives of local
interest groups, e.g., fishermen, farmers, women’s
groups, etc.
Session 2
Defining the current (baseline) situation, for
plenary session. Up to eight most relevant
organizations should make a brief (15-20 minute)
presentation, with summary provided in writing.
Topics of presentation should include: (1) threats
and root causes at site; (2) current conservation,
scientific and/or management activities; (3) current
and planned spending levels; (4) data availability
(brief intro.); (5) technical capacities of
organization and technical co-operation needs.
Stakeholder consultation session #1 for mission
experts, small number of local officials (7-8 maximum)
and local people. Time permitting, may be held at or
near site, e.g., in village. Informal meeting with
representative group of up to 10 ‘best informed’ and
most involved local people to discuss resource use
issues.
Stakeholder consultation session #2 for mission
experts, small number of local officials (6-7
maximum) and local people. Time permitting,
may be held at or near site, e.g., in village.
Informal meeting with representative group of up
to 10 ‘best informed’ and most involved local
people to discuss resource use issues.
Project activities design session for same group
involved in threats / root causes session. Objective is to
build on threats analysis to identify alternative /
incremental activities to remove threats. Activities
should take into account current technical capacities
and current baseline activities.
Finance session for different group of 8-10 ‘best
informed people on finance. Session will include:
(1) presentations from local officials concerning
budgetary and finance matters; (2) explanation of
incremental costs concept by GEF expert;
Session 3
Socio-economic data and information
gathering session for small number of
relevant experts. Will include: (1) brief
presentation by local officials of
socio-economic situation; (2)
questionnaires and problems arising; (3)
data gathering methodologies; (4)
discussion of planned stakeholder
consultations.
Biological data discussion session for
small number of relevant experts.
Threats and root causes session for
small group (8-10) of ‘best informed’
experts and local people to analyse and
structure threats and root causes analysis.
Stakeholder consultation session #3 for
mission experts, small number of local
officials (6-7 maximum) and local people.
Time permitting, may be held at or near
site, e.g., in village. Informal meeting
with representative group of up to 10
‘best informed’ and most involved local
people to discuss resource use issues.
Open session to be utilized to address
most pressing remaining issues.
Strategies to Achieve Required Outputs of Local Consultations and Workshops
Output
1. Annotated
stakeholder
identification
database
Description and
importance
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2. Draft threats /
underlying root
causes analysis
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Status & comments
First step in a
logical
framework
analysis
Designed to
serve as a
source of
information
for
determining
what
individuals /
organizations
need to be
involved in
the project
development
process,
including who
should attend
local
workshops
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Second step in
a logical
framework
analysis
Essential for
developing
project
activities
(which are
designed to
respond to /
address
underlying
causes of
threats)
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Status
unknown
(pending Jay
response)
Unclear
whether
stakeholders
will be
adequately
represented at
workshops
Initial threats
analysis
(excluding
underlying
causes)
presented in
site selection
report (see
project
profiles)
Strategy for elaborating output
during consultations /
workshops
 A participatory
discussion (1/4 day) to
consider stakeholder
identification matrix,
particularly to define
specific nature of
‘stake’ held by various
stakeholders,
especially local
populations
 Remaining gaps in
basic information are
addressed in side-bar
discussions
 Efforts are made to
bring on-board any
‘missing’ stakeholders
 Discussion of group
interest / impacts
 Stakeholder matrix is
presented to Day 3
workshop for feedback
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Brain-storming session
(3/4 day) undertaken
with small group (8-10
individuals) of ‘best
informed people’
Presentation of results
to Day 3 workshop for
feedback
Preparatory steps to be
taken by local
stakeholders
 If they haven’t
already done
so,
stakeholders
should be
ready to
provide basic
information
about their
organizations,
including (1)
names and job
titles of key
individuals; (2)
staff technical
backgrounds;
(3) contact
points; (4)
assessment of
the group or
organization’s
‘stake’ in the
project and
likely impacts
 Stakeholders
should be
informed in
advance of
their
involvement in
this portion of
the
programme.
They should be
prepared to
discuss these
issues openly.
Preparatory steps to
be taken by project
team
 Distribute
to project
team
members
latest draft
stakeholder
database /
matrix
 Identify
and make
list of key
stakeholder
s to
participate
in
discussion
 Schedule,
venue,
invitations,
etc.
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Identify
‘best
informed’
stakeholder
s
(preferably
including
local
community
representati
ves) who
will
participate
in intensive
discussion
Resource persons /
participants
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Participatory
and HKUST
experts to
lead
HKUST
socio-econom
ic team to
participate
Each
stakeholder
organization /
group to be
represented
by no more
than 2
individuals
Senior
Project
Advisor and
HKUST
expert
Other experts
to participate
as available
Best
informed
persons to
participate
Output
Description and
importance
4. Draft baseline
and co-financing
tables (one per
site) identifying
and describing
baseline
activities and
spending, as well
as tentative local
Government
commitments to
co-finance
project
5. Stakeholder
consultations
with local
populations
 Critical step in
development of
incremental cost
analysis
 Baseline activities
identification also
supports logical
framework
6.
Socio-economic
information and
data gathering
 Provides necessary
background
information for
understanding
socio-economic
situation of
stakeholders
 Should include
information gathering
on legislative and
institutional aspects
 Provides data
underlying description
of biod. importance
 May provide useful
guidance for project
design
7. Biological data
gathering
 Ensures a broad-based,
participatory approach
to project development
Status &
comments
Strategy for elaborating output
during consultations / workshops
Preparatory steps to be
taken by local
stakeholders
 Stakeholders should be
informed in advance of
their involvement in this
portion of the
programme. They
should bring
authoritative financial
figures to the session,
with documentation of
past or planned
spending, where
available
 Initial baseline
 1/2 day information sharing
descriptions
session undertaken with small
and some rough
group of ‘best informed people’
financial
on finance (Note: These will
figures
almost certainly be DIFFERENT
presented in
PEOPLE than the best informed
site selection
people discussing threats and root
report (site
causes. If so, these sessions could
profiles)
partially overlap, if necessary)
 HKUST 5-year  Further sensitization on
plan proposal
incremental costs at Day 3
(see technical
workshop
proposal)
 Some issues
 Up to 1/2 day informal meetings
 None
involving local
with representative groups of up to
communities
10 ‘best informed’ and ‘most
identified
involved’ local people to discuss
during
resource use issues. Up to
inception
three-four separate meetings could
mission, but no
be organized per site, preferably in
direct
informal settings (e.g., villages)
consultations
held
 Questionnaires  Small meeting (2-3 people)
 Initial filling in of
prepared, but
involving HKUST
questionnaires
distribution
socio-economic expert and local
delayed until
persons charged with completing
last week
questionnaire
 ???
 Small meeting (2-3 people)
involving HKUST biodiversity
expert and local persons charged
with completing questionnaire
 Initial filling in of
questionnaires
Preparatory steps
to be taken by
project team
 Provincial
authorities
should be
sensitized to the
issue of
co-financing
and asked to
consider
possible
financial
sources
Resource persons /
participants
 Determine
participants for
consultations
 Scheduling, etc.
Participatory
planning expert and
HKUST
socio-economic
experts
Best informed local
people
 Review of any
initial draft
forms filled in
HKUST
socio-economic
experts
 Review of any
initial draft
forms filled in
HKUST biodiversity
experts
Selected local
scientists
Senior Project
Advisor and HKUST
expert
Other experts to
participate as
available
Best informed
finance persons to
participate
Consultation report
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Social
Feasibility
Study,
comprising
a
comprehensive
stakeholder assessment,
and
recommendations regarding full project activities.
Participation plan, listing activities to enable
participatory processes, defining implementation
responsibilities,
and
providing
performance
indicators (a summary of this information would be
prepared for the proposal).
Finalised ICZM committee structure and
membership.
Identification of training requirements
Step 3: Biological and socio-economic assessment
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Justification of biodiversity importance of each of the sites, based on
indicators of global significance
Threats Analysis for each of the sites, indicating root causes
 What are the major threats
 Root causes of these threats and consequence
 Action and strategies to remove these threats
 Financial needs for removing threats
Potential social impact, risk for action to remove the threats
 Socio-economic assessment
 Risk analysis
 Incremental cost analysis
Design of monitoring system for adaptive management;
 How to assess the effectiveness of the planed actions
Establishment of database to facilitate data exchange and analysis
Step 4: GEF Project Formulation
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The process of preparing the Project Brief would require:
Consensus building regarding site selection criteria, priorities, strategy, outputs
and activities of the full project, based upon consultation with stakeholders, and a
project formulation workshop to construct a logical framework of objectives,
activities, outputs, and indicators.
More detailed investigation and quantification of threats at the site level.
Definition of institutional frameworks, stakeholders roles and responsibilities, and
implementation modalities for the full project.
An incremental cost analysis of the project to differentiate between baseline and
incremental activities. PDF funds would be used to collect information on the
baseline scenario, identify and cost incremental activities necessary to conserve
biodiversity, and foster joint programming of baseline and incremental activities.
Confirmation of co-financing for project components not eligible for GEF funding.
Co-financing would have been secured to secure the sustainable development
baseline.
A consensus regarding the project strategy would have been obtained.
The main body of the proposal shall include
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A summary of the global significance and unique biological and ecological
attributes of each of the project sites, and the global benefits that would
accrue from conservation intervention
Details of the ecological, social and economic attributes of the sites
A description of the threats facing each site and their root causes
A clear strategy for mitigating threats and their underlying causes
An account of the realistic baseline
Identification of the sustainable development baseline (comprising
additional activities required to address threats that may be justified in
the domestic interest)
Identification and justification of the incremental costs of activities
needed to generate global conservation benefits, over and above the
sustainable development baseline.
Details of monitoring and evaluation measures
Details of execution and implementation measures, with an accompanying
organization programme
Supporting documents
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Incremental Cost assessment describing global and domestic benefits, and
justifying incremental costs for each output
Logical Framework Assessment, with quantifiable indicators to measure
impact, a list of sources of verification, and an outline of the assumptions and
risks that underpin the project
Details of the biodiversity values of each of the chosen sites, to supplement
information provided in the main body of the Brief (from Components 1, 2 and
3)
Assessment of the risks affecting project implementation and outline of
mitigation measures
Summary of the Stakeholder Assessment and Social Feasibility Study, defining
the roles and responsibilities of different groups in design, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation (from Component 2)
Maps of the project area (provinces and sites)
List of reference materials
Step 5: Implement, Monitoring
and Evaluation
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When the project is approved, central
government will implement the project with
technical support from experts, UNDP
Project implementation will be closely
monitored by UNOPS and UNDP.
Project will be evaluated periodically by
international body
Site Selection Report for
GEF/UNDP PDF-B
(CPR/00/G41 – BMCACSS)
Presented by Pei-Yuan Qian
Report written by PY Qian, C
Cosslett, QL Zhou
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2
3
5
12 11
6
10
7
8
9
4
1
Initial
candidate
sites for this
project
Site Selection Activities
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Site visit 1: PY Qian, QL Zhou, C Cosslett
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Site Visit 2: PY Qian, QL Zhou, H Si
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Duration: Feb. 11 to March 4, 2001
Site Visited: Inner Bay, Daya Bay, Dongzhai,
Sanya, Dazhou Island, Sankou, Dongshan-Nanao,
Longhai, “Nanji Islands”
Duration: May 19-29, 2001
Site Visited: Nanji Islands, FangchenggangBeilun Estuary, Qinzhou Bay, 72-paths, Weizhou
Island
Report preparation: March-June
Daya Bay, Guangdong Province
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Bordered by Huidong County Huiyang
City and the Longguang District of
Shenzhen city to its south
Semi-closed bay with a mouth of 15 km2
in width opening into the South China
Sea
Subtropical monsoon climate
Irregular semidiurnal tide
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Biodiversity significance
Richest bay ecosystem in South China as it is a protected
fishery resource reserve.
12 species of mangroves
Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis Osbeck), other dolphin
spp found here.
Sea Turtle Reserve in Daya Bay is the only National Natural
Sea Turtle Reserve in China only breeding and nesting ground
of green turtles
6 other species of turtles endangered or under national or
international protection
horseshoe crabs breeding ground
important feeding ground for many migratory birds
Small coral reefs
breeding and nursing ground of many important commercial
fishes, echinoderms, pearl oyster
Wintering ground of migratory birds.
Major challenges
 Existing staff not trained for biodiversity
conservation
 Lack of the appropriate management framework for
the entire bay
 Insufficient management and facilities of turtle
reserve
 Rapid development of mariculture
 Increase in population
 Urbanization
 Coordination
Sea turtle
natural reserve
Management Status
Pinghai National Turtle Natural
Reserve
 1992, the State Council
approved the area as a nationallevel marine protected area
 Under direct management of
DOF of the province
 10 staff with annual operational
budget about 250k
 Received some funding from
the government to conduct a
tagging program on green turtle
SanYa coral Reef
Reserve
Three distinct parts 5,600 ha
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The reefs, waters and eastern
islets of Maozhou
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The coastal area and waters
around the Luohuitou Cape to
Yulin Cape
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The reefs and waters and islets
of Yalong Bay
Yalong Bay
Biodiversity significance
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110 Scleractinian reef-building corals
30 species of soft corals
Acropora, Porites luteu, Goniastrea aspra
> 300 species of fish and 300 invertebrate
spp
> 60 large benthic algae
Major endemic and endangered species
include Ptycodera flava, lossobalanus
morteenseni, Pinctada maxima and > 80
species of reef-building corals
Strength
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Good management framework: Sanya Marine
Bureau
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Biodiversity Review of China categorises the area as
IUCN Category IV, Habitat Management Area
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Good management baseline
Good collaboration of reserve and private
sectors
Some international collaboration (NOAA
UNEP and WWF)
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Problems
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Insufficient staffing and financial
resources and protection system
Lack of interpretation and
communication facilities
Illegal fishing activities
More efficient patrolling
Database on biodiversity is required

Yunxiao Zhang River Estuary Mangrove Provincial
Reserve




3 staff
mangrove protection, planning and monitoring
Both reserves under management by Dongshan
County under supervision of Zhangzhou Municipality
Dongshan Aquatic Production Bureau is responsible
for management of provincial natural reserves at this
stage

50 staff
Marine Nature Reserve at Nanji
Islands, Zhejiang Province

Physical and ecological overview
201.06 km2 southeast sea area of Pingyang
County
 subtropical monsoon marine climate
 possibly the highest marine biodiversity in
China
 cold and warm temporal regions
communities, but also contained many
subtropical and warm temperature species

Biodiversity significance





178 species of large seaweed rare species of 22
species
microalgae: 459 spp, 30 species are the new
record or new species in China
22 species of algae has been identified as rare
species in China
421 species of shellfish, 36 shellfish species
can only be found in Nanji in China
considered a gene bank of marine shellfish and
algae.
Biodiversity significance



Sea Turtles Caretta caretta olivacea,
Eretmochlys imbricata, Dermochelys coriacea
are protected species
High plants such as Giycine soja Sieb et Zucc,
Zanthoxylum nitidum, Maytenus diversifolius,
Ardisia sieboldii Pgychotria serpens L. are the
protected species in China
very important fishing ground in China
Travel to Nanji by a gunboat
Core Zone of Nanji Reserve
Risking our lives
Red tide (nontoxic)
Sea shells clinch on
the rocks
Strength
 Very good baseline (in both management
and scientific research)
 High biodiversity significance due to high
number of endemic species/pristine
ecosystem
 Best management structure among all the sites
 MAB site of UNESCO in 1998 – recognition
by international society
 Focal point of National Nature Reserve
 Largest investment in infrastructure
 High level of interest of local government
 Threats removable
Concerns???
Resettlement issue may be an issue to
someone but not an issue to me as
there is no possible violation of human
right or whatsoever. Local residents
fully support this move as they will
have better living conditions (better
education, better hospital, better
housing, better job opportunity yet no
restriction to their resident on islands.
Scoring practice to rank all
the sites
 17 criteria covering biodiversity,
management baseline and so on
 Qian, Cosslett, Zhou gave individual
scores
 All the scores summed and averaged
 2nd round of more detailed analysis
on top-ranked 6 sites
 Recommendation
CRITERIA
GROUP
1. Global
biodiversity
significance
SPECIFIC CRITERIA
SCORING
1.1 Presence of globally
endangered / globally
threatened species (GES,
GTS)
1.2 Abundance of globally
endangered / globally
threatened species (GES,
GTS)
1.3 Ecosystem diversity /
representativeness
Up to 10 points according to the numbers of GES /
GTS present at a site. Attention should be given to
how recent and reliable are the reports of sightings
1.4 Endemic species
1.5 High productivity
1.6 Spawning area, nursery
ground, migration stopover
point
1.7 Non-marine fauna,
especially avifauna
Sub-total
Up to 10 points for a GES/GTS abundance rating, e.g.,
sites which may support relatively large numbers or
percentages of the global populations of one or more
GES or GTS
Up to 10 points according to the ‘rareness’ and
‘representativeness’ of the ecosystem type(s) found at
the site
Up to 10 points for the importance of endemic species
at the site, depending on bot the number of species
and the geographic extent of their endemism (e.g., site
only is worth more than China’s inshore waters which
is worth more than South China Sea, etc.)
Up to 10 points for the site’s value in maintaining
primary production as a critical ecological process at
the site and in surrounding waters
Up to 10 points for the importance of the site’s role as
either a spawning area, nursery ground, migration
stopover point of bottleneck
Up to 10 points for the site’s role in conserving
avifauna, especially GES / GTS
Global biodiversity significance score up to 70
2.1 Economic importance of
the site
2. National
significance
2.2 National conservation
significance
2.3 Socio-economic
significance
Sub-total
Up to 10 points for the site’s importance as a resource
supporting economic output (including eco-tourism).
Assessment should include existence and extent of
economic losses associated with prior ineffective
management and other factors implying the economic
importance of effective management (potential for
shifts in national-level benefits)
Up to 10 points for the site’s perceived importance at
national level as a priority area for conservation.
Evidence may include a site’s being mentioned in
various national biodiversity action plans, China’s
Agenda 21, etc. Also, presence and abundance of
species which are threatened at national level.
Up to 10 points for the site’s importance in supporting
local populations, in particularly most vulnerable
groups including women
National significance score up to 30
3.1 Bio-geographic
replicability
3.
Replicability
3.2 Thematic replicability
Sub-total
4.
Cost-effective
ness
4.1 National-level
cost-effectiveness
4.2 Global cost effectiveness
4.3 Ease of financing
Sub-total
5.1 Management structure
5. Baseline
5.2 Existing capacity
Sub-total
Up to 10 points for the extent to which there are other
bio-geographically similar, important sites
(particularly within the same province) which are
potential areas for replication
Up to 10 points for the extent to which there are other
important sites (particularly within the same province)
which face similar problems in terms of threats,
including management issues
Replicability score up to 20
Up to 10 points for the perceived cost-effectiveness of
actions which could be taken to ensure sustainable use
Up to 10 points for estimated cost effectiveness in
terms of globally significant biodiversity conserved
(benefit) per incremental dollar invested (cost)
Up to 10 points for the ease with which adequate
financial resources may be identified
Cost effectiveness score up to 30, sites scored and
ranked accordingly.
Up to 10 points for the perceived effectiveness and
easiness of management structure
Up to 10 points for estimated cost effectiveness in
terms of capacity for carrying out the project
Cost effectiveness score up to 20
Scores
Criteria
1.1 GES/GTS presence
1.2 GES/GTS abund.
1.3 Ecosystemdiversity
1.4 Endemic species
1.5 Productivity
1.6 Spawning area, etc.
1.7 Non-marine fauna
Sub-total
2.1 Economic imptce.
2.2 National conserv. signif.
2.3 Socio-economic signif.
Sub-total
3.1 Bio-geographic
3.2 Thematic
Sub-total
4.1 National level cost effect.
4.2 Global level cost effect.
4.3 Ease of financing
Sub-total
5.1 Management Structure
5.2 Existing Capacity
Grand totals
Site G
CC PY
6
5
8
5
8
7
7
46
9
7
8
24
6
6
12
5
4
7
16
4
5
9
107
5
4
8
4
8
7
8
44
10
7
9
26
7
7
14
4
3
7
14
2
4
6
104
ZQ
Site H
CC PY
6
5
8
6
8
8
7
48
10
7
9
26
7
7
14
6
4
7
17
5
6
11
116
8
8
7
6
8
8
6
51
7
9
8
24
7
8
15
6
6
8
20
5
7
12
122
8
8
7
6
7
8
6
50
6
10
8
24
7
8
15
5
6
8
19
3
8
11
119
ZQ
Site I
CC PY
9
8
7
7
8
9
7
55
9
10
10
29
7
8
15
8
8
8
24
7
8
15
138
7
7
7
10
9
9
4
53
6
10
9
25
6
6
12
8
8
8
24
5
8
13
127
7
7
7
10
9
9
5
54
7
10
10
27
7
6
13
8
8
9
25
10
9
19
138
ZQ
Site J
CC PY
ZQ
8
8
7
10
9
9
4
55
6
10
10
26
7
6
13
9
8
8
27
8
7
15
136
5
6
6
5
6
8
9
45
6
6
6
18
7
5
12
6
4
5
15
7
5
12
102
4
7
6
6
6
8
9
46
6
8
7
20
7
5
12
8
5
5
18
7
6
13
109
4
7
6
6
6
8
9
46
6
6
5
17
7
5
12
5
4
5
14
7
4
11
100
Site K
CC PY
3
2
8
5
8
5
3
34
9
7
8
24
7
7
14
5
4
5
14
5
3
8
94
3
2
8
5
8
5
3
34
10
7
8
25
7
8
15
5
4
5
14
5
3
8
96
ZQ
3
2
8
5
8
5
3
34
10
7
8
25
7
8
15
5
4
5
14
5
3
8
96
Rank by mean score
Rank by median score
Site
Mean score
Site
Median score
1. Nanji Islands (I)
134
1. Nanji Islands (I)
136
2. Sanya (D)
129
2. Sanya (D)
130
3. Shankou (F)
127
3. Shankou (F)
125
4. Jiulong Jiang (H)
126
4. Daya Bay (B)
124
5. Daya Bay (B)
124
5. Jiulong Jiang (H)
122
6. Inner Deep Bay (A)
118
6. Inner Deep Bay (A)
117
7. Dongshan Nan’ao (G)
109
7. Dongshan Nan’ao (G)
109
8. Dongzhai Harbor (C)
105
8. Dongzhai Harbor (C)
105
9. Fangchenggang (J)
104
9. Fangchenggang (J)
102
10. Qinzhou Bay
95
10. Qinzhou Bay
96
11. Dazhou Island (E)
74
11. Dazhou Island (E)
72
Conclusions
Top 6 sites represent different types of
ecosystems
 Nanji Islands site (136 points) – Highly
recommended
 Sanya site (130 points) – Highly recommended
 Sankou site (125 points) – highly recommended
 Daya Bay (124 points) -- recommended
 Jiulongjiang estuary (122 points)–
recommended with reservation

Inner Deep Bay site (117 points) –
recommended with reservation
A general instruction to each province from SOA
Local workshop: all the major stakeholders and field mission team
members will attend to summarize (1) threats/underlying root
As indicated by the program schedule (see attached schedule), the field mission team will visit each
site for 3 days. To facilitate the visit, the local government is asked to provide assistance in
 arrangement for local transportation, hotel, and meals (all the participants will pay for
his/her own hotel expenses while the project will provide partial support to the local
government to cover other expenses).
 providing meeting venues and helping in arranging the meetings:
causes, 2) activities identified for removing these threats, 3)
cost/incremental analysis, 4) biodiversity significance, 5) finance
and co-finance for proposed activities, and 6) issues to be followed
up.
It is desirable for decision makers of various levels of local
government to attend, as their input on co-finance is critical.
o Day 1 and Day 2 (> one small meeting rooms are required)
1 general introduction session about the purpose of the field visit: all the
major stakeholders shall attend (need a large room).
1 session to define the current baseline situation: up to eight most relevant
 collecting information (in addition to those that have been provided during the
first and second site selection missions) before and after the visit
o Data related to the site as detailed as possible
organization, each to give a 15 min presentation on 1) threats and root causes,
o Data concerning demographic and social activities
2) current management activities, 3) current and planned spending, 4)
o Data related to economic activities
technical capacities, & 5) data availability.
1-2 sessions on threats/underlying root causes analysis: participating
stakeholders shall be the ‘best informed’ people about reserve status and
operation.
1 or more sessions to identify alternative/incremental activities to remove
o Data related to governance
o Data related to Environmental Awareness (education program and
training)
o Data related to environmental investment (past, current, and planed)
threats: participants shall be from relevant management bodies, academics,
o Data related to environmental practices
and researchers.
o Capacity to promote community participation
1 session on co-finance identification and analysis: participants shall
represent various local government agents (decision makers may be better)
and private sectors
1 or more sessions to collection information on socioeconomic status:
participants shall be from relevant governmental agency and local
communities.
o Biodiversity profile at site
o Threats (types, sources, degree of severity, impacts)
o Plans and initiatives for biodiversity conservation
o Funding source (internal funding, co finance, external funding, cost
effectiveness)
1 or more sessions to collect information on biodiversity: participants shall
be researcher, academics, management staff,
1 or more stakeholder consultation sessions: field team, some local officials,
local people to discuss resource use issues
n.s: participants selected shall provide the above information.
 selecting and arranging stakeholders to attend the meetings (representatives of
relevant governmental agencies (provincial, city, local communities), academics,
reserve management, local residents, various economic sectors, schools, and so on)
o Day 3 (one large room)
(may need to arrange hotel and meals for them)