Transcript English

Developing legal and
institutional frameworks
for invasive alien species
Module 3:
preventing biological invasions
what this module covers:
1. why prevention is critical
Module 1
2. where prevention
measures are applied
what decision-makers need
to know about invasive
species
Module 2
laying the foundations for
effective national frameworks
Module 3
preventing
biological invasions
Module 4
responding
to biological invasions
Module 5
getting results: compliance,
enforcement and liability
Module 6
legal frameworks for
cooperation beyond borders
3. dealing with risk and
uncertainty
4. regulating intentional
introductions
5. pathway management to
minimise unintentional
introductions
6. education & awareness
2
preventing biological invasions
why is prevention
so important?
• the most efficient and cost-effective way of dealing with
invasive alien species is to stop them being introduced in
the first place
• internationally-backed prevention and control strategies
endorse the maxim “prevention is better than cure”.
• policy justification for prevention is based on the need to
protect the country and region from the impacts
described in Module 1
3
preventing biological invasions
prevention as first line of defence
Alien Species Introductions
Prevention
Early Detection
and Eradication
Control
Adapted from Wittenberg R., 2000
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preventing biological invasions
5
preventing biological invasions
where are prevention
measures applied?
pre-border
• certification
• Inspection
• IAS-proof
packaging
• treatment
• pre-quarantine for
live organisms
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border
• compliance
assessment
• visual inspection
• remote inspection
• x-ray
• cameras
• post-entry
quarantine for live
organisms
preventing biological invasions
post-border
•
•
•
•
•
public awareness
surveillance
active
passive
pre-planned
response
programmes
• pre-planned
management
programmes
key services in border-related
prevention
Customs
quarantine
border control of
imported goods
screen imported and
exported goods and
incoming passengers to
minimise importation of
unwanted pests and
diseases
clearance of goods, may
involve ensuring that no
prohibited goods are
imported
collecting necessary
revenues
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critical to trade facilitation
and food security
preventing biological invasions
sanitary and
phytosanitary
services
develop regulations to
mitigate risks to human,
animal and plant health
arising from imports.
import protocols set
required process and
product standards that
exporters must meet in
order to get permission
for their goods to be
imported
dealing with risk and uncertainty
applying Risk Analysis to IAS
• traditionally applied to protect
certain interests (e.g. commercial
crops) and limited to certain taxa
• international instruments now
support broader application to all
taxa and pathways and all types of
potential impacts
• needs to be science-based,
independent, transparent and
harmonised as much as possible with
international practice.
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preventing biological invasions
Components of risk
analysis
Risk Assessment
Identifying and evaluating
the risks from a particular
species or the risks
associated with a
particular pathway
Risk Management
Identifying what needs to
be done to eliminate or
reduce the risks
Risk
Communication
Informing stakeholders
about the risks and
measures to be taken to
manage those risks
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preventing biological invasions
Risk analysis can be used to
prioritise pathways for control
TRANSPORTATION
Modes of Transportation
Air
Water/Aquatic
Land Terrestrial
Military Travel &
Transportation of
Military Vehicles
Items used in Shipping
Mail/Internet
Overnight Shipping
Travel
Tourism/Relocation
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LIVING INDUSTRY
Plant Pathways
Food Pathways
Non-Food Animal Pathways
Bait
Pet/aquarium trade
Aquaculture
Non-pet animals
Release of organisms for
religious cultural or other
reasons
Nonliving Animal and Plant
Related Pathways
preventing biological invasions
MISCELLANEOUS
Biocontrol
Other Aquatic Pathways
Interconnected waterways
Freshwater canals
Marine/estuarine canals
Domestic waste streams
Interbasin transfers
Natural Spread of
Established Populations
Ecosystem Disturbance
Long-term (highway and utility
rights-of-way, clearing,
logging)
Short-term (habitat restoration,
enhancement)
Garbage
Transport/landfill
legal tools for IAS prevention
• risk analysis
• authorisation procedures
• species lists
• quarantine and border control
• treatment
• vector/pathway management
• education and awareness
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preventing biological invasions
regulating intentional introductions
•species that are directly introduced into the wild for economic
reasons
•species introduced into captivity/containment (risk of escape or
deliberate release)
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preventing biological invasions
prevention tools for intentional
introductions
risk analysis
environmental impact assessment:
• incorporate findings of the risk analysis and the potential environmental
and socio-economic impacts of proposed introduction
authorisation procedures:
• prohibitions (absolute or qualified)
• permits (case-specific or general permits)
• issued outright or with conditions (regarding treatment,
inspection, measures to prevent escape, contingency plans,
remedial action)
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preventing biological invasions
prevention tools for intentional
introductions (continued)
species can be assigned a legal category based on
an assessment of risk: to be effective, such lists
need to be regularly updated
black list
Х
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white list
OK
preventing biological invasions
grey list
more tests
needed
Example of legal tools to screen
intentional import
An importer wishing to bring in a new species (e.g. animal for farming)
Risk analysis and Environmental impact assessment undertaken –
Import either:
High risk – Import rejected
Low Risk – Import accepted
A licence or permit is issued to bring in the organism: states what quarantine conditions
must be met and/or the treatment needed e.g. fumigation
Relevant authorities inspect the new import to check compliance
Audits are carried out to monitor the importer’s compliance with permit conditions
prevention tools for
unintentional introductions
• managing pathways and
vectors (use of pathway risk
analysis)
• quarantine and border control
• treatment
• education and awareness
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preventing biological invasions
managing pathways and vectors
• legal frameworks must provide for identification of pathways
& establish pathway controls
• prioritise high-risk pathways and be flexible for new pathways
– consider existing sectoral instruments into which IAS pathway
controls could be integrated
– identify gaps that need attention
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preventing biological invasions
quarantine, border control
and treatment
• legal measures to
minimise introduction of
hitchhikers, stowaways
and illegal introductions
• implemented at pre-border,
at border and post-border
stages
• measures in legal
frameworks for
phytosanitary treatment
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preventing biological invasions
example of pathway detection
and risk management
in the late 1990s, military flights
from the U.S. to Bosnia during
the Balkan conflict introduced
the corn rootworm into Europe.
as a result, one of the U.S.’s
worst crop pests has
established and is spreading
throughout Eastern Europe
where corn is a staple cereal
crop. (J. Waage pers. com.)
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preventing biological invasions
“AID TRADE”
tackling illegal introductions
education and
public awareness
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preventing biological invasions
limitations of
prevention
• no prevention system
100% effective
• national regulatory
frameworks must also
provide for control of IAS
thank you