Transcript Nutrition PowerPoint Presentation

Heterotroph Nutrition
• All the activities by which an
organism obtains and uses food
from the environment for growth
and repair of cells
• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Egestion
Ingestion:
Pinocytosis/phagocytosis
Digestion:
Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Egestion:
Exocytosis
Ingestion: Cilia beat food into oral groove
gullet forms food vacuole
Digestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole
Egestion: Waste out anal pore
Nutrients
• The substances in food that an
organism needs and uses for its
life functions
Function of Nutrients
1. They act as a fuel to provide energy
for the life activities of cells
2. They supply chemicals needed for
growth and repair of cells
3. They regulate the metabolic
processes needed for the proper
functioning of the cell
Nutritional requirements
vary with individuals:
age
sex
height
weight
activities
Recommended Daily Calories For Men
Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity :
5'4 119-155 2,548
5'5 133-160 2,596
5'6 127-164 2,644
6'0 151-193 2,932
6'1 155-198 2,980
6'2 159-203 3,028
5'7
5'8
5'9
5'10
6'3
6'4
6'5
6'6
131-169
135-174
139-179
143-184
2,692
2,740
2,788
2,836
163-208
167-212
171-217
175-222
3,076
3,124
3,172
3,220
5'11 147-188 2,884
http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/villa/6581/calories.html
Recommended Daily Calories For Women
Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity :
4'11 90-120 2,100
5'0 93-124 2,133
5'1 97-128 2,177
5'2 100-132 2,210
5'3 104-137 2,254
5'4 107-140 2,287
5'5 111-145 2,331
5'6 114-149 2,364
5'7 118-154 2,408
5'8 121-157 2,441
5'9 125-162 2,485
5'10 128-166 2,518
5'10 128-166 2,518
5'11 132-170 2,562
6'0 135-174 2,595
6'1 139-178 2,639
6'2 142-182 2,672
Fast Food Nutritional Info
http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/villa/6581/fastfood.html
Whopper w.Cheese
Vanilla Shake –
Super Size Fries
Diet Coke
Supposed to be:
760 CAL.
small 360 CAL
540 CAL
0 CAL
1660 CAL
Fast Food Nutritional Info
http://www.geocities.com/hotsprings/villa/6581/fastfood.html
Regular Slice Cheese Pizza
380 Cal
Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal
Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL
Supposed to be:
1302 CAL
Alimentary Canal: (Extra-cellular Digestion)
Tube with in a tube body construction
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Accessory Organs
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver
Pharynx
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gall Bladder
Large Intestine
Colon
Appendix
Anus
Mouth
Teeth/Tongue
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Rectum
Mouth & Pharynx:
Mechanical Digestion:
- breaks foods into smaller
pieces
- increases surface area
- chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue)
Chemical Digestion:
- salivary glands release amylase (starch  maltose)
(works best at pH 8)
Note: Epiglottis covers opening of trachea
Which type of digestion is the
following?
1. Chewing a saltine? 2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of
glucose? 3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart?
4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the
hamburger into amino acids?
Esophagus:
- connects pharynx to stomach
- peristalsis (wave of muscular contractions of
alimentary canal)
Stomach: (holds 2 liters of food)
Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach
Chemical Digestion – 2 glands
 Pyloric Gland
 secretes mucus
 protects stomach from
being digested
 Gastric Gland
 secretes acidic gastric
juices (pH 2)
 contains HCl
 contains enzyme pepsin
(proteins  smaller polypeptides)
What stimulates gastric juice flow?
1) thought, smell, sight, and taste
2) food entering the stomach
3) food touching stomach lining
 liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes
 solids pass through in 2-6 hours
 Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach
 Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting
part of stomach wall/ Heliobacter pylori
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Small Intestine:
- Length = 6.5 meters
- Diameter = 2.5 cm
- pH 8
Functions:
 Chemical Digestion (most)
 Absorption of Nutrients
Peristalsis:
 moves food through intestine
 mixes food with enzymes
 mechanical digestion
 speeds up absorption
Food mixes with:
• Bile from liver
• Pancreatic juices from pancreas
• Intestinal juices from intestinal glands
Bile:
- produced by liver
- stored in gallbadder
- released into upper small intestine
Function:
 Emulsification of fats (break into droplets)
 Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach
Absorption:
Circulatory System absorbs:
(CAPILLARIES)
• simple sugars (glucose)
• amino acids
• vitamins
• minerals
Lymphatic System absorbs: (LACTEALS)
• glycerol
• fatty acids
Capillary
Lacteal
Adaptations that increase surface area:
 Length (6.5 meters or 21 feet)
 Lining has folds
 Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining)
 Microvilli (brush borders on villi)
Absorption involves diffusion and active transport
Large Intestine:
Colon
Length = 1.5 meters
Diameter = 6 cm
No digestion occurs here
Function:
• Absorption of water
- Diarrhea (too little absorption)
- Constipation (too much absorption)
• Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B
Note: Appendix is attached between small and large
intestine (vestigial organ)
the quest for Polyps
• Colonoscopy:
Large Intestine
( Colon Polyps_)
• Polyps are small growths on the inner
colon lining that look like warts.
Removal Colon Polyps_)
Rectum:
• temporary storage of feces (stool)
• feces is primarily undigested material
Anus:
(anal sphincter)
• releases waste into environment (egestion/defecate)
End Products of Digestion
(Hydrolysis)
Proteins  amino acids
Carbohydrates  glucose
Lipids  fatty acids + glycerol
Disorders
of the
Digestive Tract
Heartburn
• ACID from the stomach backs up into the
esophagus.
Constipation
To much water is absorbed
by/in the large intestine.
Also can exist due to lack of
roughage.
Diarrhea
Decreased water absorption
and increased peristaltic
activity of large intestine.
Results in an increased,
multiple, watery feces.
Gallstones
An accumulation of hardened
cholesterol deposits in the
gall bladder.
Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or
surgically removed