Transcript Chapter 20 Niche Section 1 Species Interactions

Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Predation
• Predation is an interaction in which one organism
(the predator) captures and eats all or part of another
individual organism (the prey).
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Predation
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Predation, continued
• Predator Adaptations
– Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture
prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to
avoid capture.
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Predation, continued
• Adaptations in Animal Prey
– Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains
an advantage by resembling another species or
object.
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Competition
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Competition
• Competitive Exclusion
– Competition may cause competitive exclusion,
the elimination of one species in a community.
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Niche
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Symbiosis
• Parasitism
– In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds
on, but does not always kill, another species (the
host).
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Symbiosis
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Symbiosis, continued
• Mutualism
– In mutualism, both interacting species benefit.
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Chapter 20
Section 1 Species Interactions
Symbiosis, continued
• Commensalism
– In commensalism, one species benefits, and the
other is not affected.
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Successional Changes in Communities
• Ecological succession is a change in the species
composition of a community over time.
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Pioneer Species
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Successional Changes in Communities,
continued
• Primary Succession
– Primary succession is the assembly of a
community on newly created habitat.
– Primary succession occurs in areas that have
been recently exposed to the elements and lack
soil.
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Successional Changes in Communities,
continued
• Secondary Succession
– Secondary succession is the change in an
existing community following a disturbance.
– Secondary succession occurs in areas where the
original ecosystem has been cleared by a
disturbance.
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
The Complexity of Succession
• The traditional description of succession is that the
community proceeds through a predictable series of
stages until it reaches a stable end point, called the
climax community.
• Primary succession typically proceeds from lichens
and mosses to a climax community.
• Secondary succession typically proceeds from weeds
to a climax community.
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay
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Chapter 20
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
Ecological Succession
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Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. A certain tropical tree has a fruit that is eaten by only
one species of bats. As the bat digests the fruit, the
seeds are made ready to sprout. When the bat
excretes the wastes of the fruit, it drops seeds in new
locations. Which of the following is the correct term
for the relationship between the bat and the tree?
A. predation
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. commensalism
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Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. A certain tropical tree has a fruit that is eaten by only
one species of bats. As the bat digests the fruit, the
seeds are made ready to sprout. When the bat
excretes the wastes of the fruit, it drops seeds in new
locations. Which of the following is the correct term
for the relationship between the bat and the tree?
A. predation
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. commensalism
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is a parasite?
F. a lion hunting a zebra
G. a deer grazing on grass
H. a tick sucking blood from a dog
J. a snake swallowing a bird’s egg
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Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is a parasite?
F. a lion hunting a zebra
G. a deer grazing on grass
H. a tick sucking blood from a dog
J. a snake swallowing a bird’s egg
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Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Three species of birds forage for insects in the same
tree. However, each species tends to forage in
different parts of the tree. This pattern of foraging is
best explained as an adaptation to which of the
following relationships?
A. predation
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. commensalism
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Chapter 20
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Three species of birds forage for insects in the same
tree. However, each species tends to forage in
different parts of the tree. This pattern of foraging is
best explained as an adaptation to which of the
following relationships?
A. predation
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. commensalism
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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.