Transcript Fish - Mrs. Gallegos Website

Fish….finally!!
Body parts of a Fish
Draw with me!
1. Caudal Fin
used for forward motion and
acceleration
2. Dorsal Fin- singular fin for
swimming stability
3. Anal Fin- used to prevent
rolling/tipping
4. Pectoral Fin (paired fin)-locomotion and
side to side movement
5. Pelvic Fin- for stability
6. Spines-sometimes present,
for protection
7. Operculum- covers and
protects gills (not in sharks)
8. Lateral Line- Sensory canals used
to detect changes in water pressure
around the fish (similar to human
ear)
Classification
• Kingdom- Animalia
• Phylum- Chordata
• Sub Phylum- Vertebrata
• 3 Classes- Agnatha,
Chondrichthyes,
Osteichthyes
Class 1:Agnatha
Jawless fish: Lampreys, Hagfish
Types of Agnathans
• Hagfish- Ocean
scavengers, not much is
known about them.
• Lamprey- some salt
mostly freshwater, they
are parasitic and prey on
other fish.
* Both have cartilagenous
skeletons and sucker-like
mouths.
Class 2:Chondricthyes
Cartilagenous Fish: Shark, Ray
CARTILAGE- material that is
lighter and more flexible than
bone
Chondrichthyes
• Related to lampreys (cartilage) but
have movable JAWS with teeth
• Evolved as modified gill arches that
allow for predatory lifestyle
• Mouth is almost always
ventral
Class 2: Chondrichthyes
• Strong paired lateral fins for
efficient swimming
• Most do not have an
operculum, must keep
moving to breathe.
Chondrichthyes cont’d
• Special scales feel like
sandpaper called placoid scales
w/ same composition as teeth
Types of Chondrichthyes
• Sharks
• Nurse, Basking,
Great White, Whale,
Tiger, Saw,
Hammerhead, Bull
• Rays
• Manta and Stingray
• Skates
Sharks
• Shaped for fast swimming
• Some sharks have ability to move
water into their gills without
swimming (nurse shark)
Shark sleep
• Great white and hammerhead NEED to
move to breath, but they do sleep
• Don’t sleep like humans, they “rest”
parts of brain while
swimming
Teeth
• Teeth are modified scales
• Only fossil remnant sharks leave behind
• Rows of sharp
triangular teeth
that shift forward
when one is lost
Reproduction
• Some sharks give birth to live young,
called shark pups. Other sharks lay
eggs.
• Most sharks hatch from their eggs while
still in the mother shark. They live off of
their egg yolk and other eggs inside the
mother shark until they are born.
Sharks come in all sizes
Dwarf dog shark
Whale shark
6.5 inches
59 ft
Filter Feeders
• Whale Shark- Largest of all fish
• They are filter feeders (eat
plankton)
• Have mouth at front of head, rather
than ventral
• Basking Shark- swims with mouth
wide open and takes in plankton
too
BASKING SHARK
Lemon Shark
FICTION?
Lemon Shark
Or FACT?
Great White Shark
• Ocean Acrobats
• The only shark that can hold their heads
up out of water
• Usually attack prey from underneath
(coloration advantage)
Can swim 45 mph!!
Great white cont’d
• GW’s are not warm blooded, but do
have a higher body temperature than
surroundings
• This offers higher activity level due to an
increase in muscle power
Tiger Sharks
Garbage Cans of the Ocean
They eat anything they can and help keep
the ocean clean
Meet the bullshark
• Manta, and Sting Rays- live in shallow
water, have mouths located on the
underside, are fairly docile, wide flat
bodies and wing-like fins that are
flexible.
Sharks have a bad reputation
• Here’s a list of movies that all depict sharks in
some way
• Jaws series (1975, 1978, 1983, 1987)
• Tintorera (1977)
• Great White (1980)
• Cruel Jaws (1995)
• Deep Blue Sea (1999)
• Shark Attack series (1999, 2001, 2002)
• Open Water (2003)
• Red Water (2003)
• Shark Tale (2004)
“Vicious shark rips girl’s arm
off”
• Bethany Hamilton was spread all over
the media after a shark attack while
surfing
Let’s calculate the odds
• The odds Odds (lifetime) of dying in a shark
attack: about 1 in 1.8 million (for years in
which there was a shark attack death).
• Odds of dying in a car crash: 1 in 228.
• In a plane (or other powered aircraft) crash: 1
in 6,137.
• From a fall: 1 in 229.
• In a lightning strike: 1 in 56,439.
Cont’d
• In an earthquake: 1 in 120,161.
• In a flood: 1 in 413,887.
• By being shot to death by someone
else: 1 in 315.
• From an accidental fireworks discharge:
1 in 744,997.
• Sharks explore their surroundings with
their mouths
• Most sharks “attacks” never involve
removing flesh
• We resemble their normal prey
Sharks may be confused
• Shark feeding is becoming more and
more popular as a tourist attraction and
sharks are relating humans to food
Humans are shark’s #1
Predators
Humans hunt and kill sharks for
several reasons
To eat
Cosmetics
Pills
Prizes
Test their masculinity
Cosmetics
• The gallbladder and part of the
shark’s liver have been shown to
improve acne and other skin
complaints
Pills
• Health pills made from shark’s liver
claim to reduce the incident of heart
disease and cancer, and to increase
longevity.
Shark Fin Soup
• Shark fin is said to give soup a certain
desirable texture
• So fisherman catch sharks, remove
their fins, and dump the shark back into
water to die
Testing our Strength
• Man has been hunting
sharks for years to prove
we’re the dominant
species
Sharks have poor eyesight
NO! Sharks’ eyes, which are equipped to
distinguish colors, employ a lens up to
seven times as powerful as a human's.
Some shark species can detect a light
that is as much as ten times dimmer
than the dimmest light the average
person can see.
Most sharks are harmful to
people - Untrue!
• Of the more then 375 shark species,
about 80% are unable to hurt people or
rarely encounter people.
Sharks have peanut-sized
brains. No!
• Sharks' relatively large and complex
brains are comparable in size to those
of advanced animals like mammals and
birds.
• Sharks can be trained.
Osteichthyes: Bony Fish
Study of ICHTHYOLOGY
About 23,000 different species
Types of Osteichthyes
Ray Finned:
– Most fish are this type
– Fins are supported by bony
structures called Rays.
Lobe Finned:
– Fins are long, fleshy, muscular,
supported by central core of bones.
– Thought to be ancestors of
amphibians.
– Examples are: Coelacanth, Lungfish
Body Shape
• Related to lifestyle
• Fusiform (streamlined body)-helps
move through water easy, fast swimmer
-Ex: Sharks, Tuna, Marlins
Body Shape Cont’d
• Laterally Compressed- leisurely swimming
around coral/kelp
-Ex: Angelfish, damselfish, butterfly fish
• Flatfish- actually laterally compressed.
Adapted to live on bottom
• Lie on side, both eyes on top
– (born w/ eyes on each side)
HALIBUT
SOLE
FLOUNDER
• Dorsoventrally flattened- demersal fish
-Ex: Rays, skates
• Elongated body- live in narrow spaces
-Ex: moray eels, trumpet fish, pipefish
• Round- porcupine fish
Trumpet Fish
Stonefish
Blennies
Coloration
COUNTER SHADING
DISRUPTIVE
CRYPTIC
LIONFISH
WARNING
Coloration
• Pigmented chromatophores
*Some can control them
• Iridophores- crystals stored in special
chromatophores. Iridescent look.
Scales
•
•
•
Skin covered with scales
Thin, round disks of highly modified
bone that grow from pockets of skin
Overlap like roof shingles, all pointing
toward tail to minimize friction
Cycloid or ctenoid scales
Locomotion
• Rhythmic side to side motion
• swim bladder for buoyancy and lift
-pectoral fins used to hover and swim
backwards
Fins
Different Dorsal Fins
Fish Circulation
• Fish heart has 2 chambers
• Single loop circulation
• Blood flows into gills, picks up O2, goes
to the body, returns to the heart.
Gills
• Gills supported by bony gill arches
• Each arch has a pair of thin, fleshy,
capillary filled projections called gill
filaments
• Each filament has little disks called
lamellae to surface area for more O2
absorption
Fish Respiration
• Water flows over Gills as fish opens
mouth and swims.
• Water flows opposite direction of
blood flow (countercurrent system)
• Higher conc. of O2 in water than in
blood
• O2 diffuses from the water into the
blood.
Water passes over gill and gives up much of its O2, it meets O2
poor blood that is “hungry” for what O2 remains.
Oxygen content in water is ALWAYS HIGHER than that in the
blood
Schooling Behavior
• Well coordinated units or groups
• No leader
• Vision is key, copy behavior of neighbor
Why school?
•
•
•
•
Protects against predation
Causes confusion, encircle a predator
Hard to pick out one
Maybe… swimming efficiency (fish in
front reduces water resistance)
Fish
Reproduction
• Most Fish reproduce sexually, and fertilize
their eggs externally (Sharks-internally).
• Spawning is the process of fertilizing eggs,
triggered by favorable conditions/hormones
• Baby fish are called FRY.
Hermaphrodites
• Some marine hamlet fish are
hermaphrodites
– Although they could fertilize own eggs,
they still cross fertilize
• Found in many deep sea fish when
mates are hard to find
Sex Reversal
• Most prevalent in some sea basses, grouper,
parrotfish, wrasses, clown
• male  female (protandry)
female  male (protogyny)
• controlled by sex hormones but
triggered by social cues
– i.e.: absence of dominant female in
hierarchy
Osmosis
• Movement of water towards a higher
solute concentration
Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
Osmosis
animation
• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of
water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
•Water moves freely
through pores.
•Solute (green) too
large to move across.
•
Hypotonic Solution
Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of
solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell.
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the
cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
•
Hypertonic Solution
Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration
of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell.
shrinks
Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the
solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
•
Isotonic Solution
Osmosis
Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution
is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and
the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
What type of solution are these cells in?
A
B
C
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Osmoregulation
• Marine fish have blood LESS salty than
waterthey will LOSE water through
osmosis
• Replace lost water by swallowing
seawater
• Excrete low amounts of SALTY urine
•
•
•
•
Freshwater fish have opposite problem
Blood is more salty than freshwater its in
Water diffuses into body
Must release high amounts of dilute urine
Let’s Get Ready to Rumble…..
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Lamprey Spawning Behavior
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Fish Adaptations
• Lateral Line System- used to detect
vibrations, orient the fish in water, it is a line
of cells running down the side of the fish.
• Operculum- gill cover, movement of
operculum allows more water to be drawn in.
• Swim Bladder- a gas filled sac that helps the
fish maintain buoyancy. Sharks don’t have a
swim bladder!
• Fins- Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic, Anal.
Adaptations
Air Bladder
Fins
Operculum
Gills
Lateral
Line
Just Amazing!!!!
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Amaaaaaaaazing!!!
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Speed Demon…
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Fooling w/ Mom Nature
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