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FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY
AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
6th International Association for
Landscape Ecology World Congress
Darwin (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 2003
Luciano Bani, Dario Massimino,
Luciana Bottoni and Renato Massa
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNIT
DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL
NETWORK
Core
area
Diffuse corridor
Core
area
Buffer zone
Linear
corridor
Stepping stone
Core
area
Landscape matrix
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
OBJECTIVE and EFFECTIVE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK PLANNING
IDENTIFICATION OF:
Core Areas with their Buffer Zones
Linear Corridors
Diffuse Corridors
Stepping Stones
BASIC KNOWLEDGE:
1) Minimum area requirements
2) Disruption of landscape connectivity
• Patch connectivity species gap-crossing abilities
• Patterns of habitat destruction connectivity maintained
across multiple scales (from coarse to fine)
3) Species-specific landscape connectivity
• Functional connection
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Focal species
Observed Abundance
map
Focal species
Potential Suitability
(Expected abundance)
map
Effective
CORE AREAS
and
BUFFER ZONES
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
MODEL
Landscape Connectivity:
Focal species Diffusion
Resistance
map
CORRIDORS
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Land use
Geology
Climate
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
(used for the Multiple-scale Model of the Potential Suitability Map)
CORINE Land Cover level 3
Digital Elevation Model
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
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Focal species (974)
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point counts (5.000+)
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Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Land use
Geology
Climate
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
BROAD-LEAVED FOREST FOCAL SPECIES
(selection based on environmental selectivity and rarity;
see Bani et al. 2002)
NUTHATCH
Sitta europaea
MARSH TIT
Parus palustris
SHORT-TOED TREECREPER
Certhia brachydactyla
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Focal species
Potential Suitability
(Expected abundance)
map
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
MODEL
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
FOCAL SPECIES POTENTIAL SUITABILITY MAP
obtained by
Multiple-Scale Multivariate Linear Model
1.
Selection of useful data to perform the model
(see Bani et al. 2002)
2.
Measuring of environmental variables on
different scales (500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m, 5000 m radius
plot centered in each point count)
3.
Development of Multiple Linear Regression
model with stepwise variable selection
4.
Model validation by leave-more-out technique
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
POTENTIAL SUITABILITY
(Expected abundance)
birds/point count
>1
0.75-1
0.50-0.75
0.25-0.50
<0.25
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Focal species
Observed Abundance
map
Focal species
Potential Suitability
(Expected abundance)
map
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
MODEL
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
OBSERVED
ABUNDANCE MAP
birds/point count
(Kernel interpolation,
R=2500 m)
>1
0.75-1
0.50-0.75
0.25-0.50
<0.25
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
COMPARISON BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND OBSERVED
ABUNDANCE MAPS
POTENTIAL SUITABILITY
(Expected abundance)
Birds/point counts
OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP
birds/point count
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION
1)
Why
the
Focal
species
Potential
suitability
(Expected
abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed
abundance one?
In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the
potential suitable areas?
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
HABITAT STRUCTURE
I’m a Short-toed
Treecreeper and I prefer
old and creviced trees
young stage
old growth stage
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
HABITAT STRUCTURE
FOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIES
Tree trunk size (DBH)
measurement
Mirror relascope
for Basal area
measurement
Trunk sections
Basal area
measurement point
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL FOREST VARIABLES
a) Effect
of
“Tree
trunk
size
composition”:
evaluated by means of the diameter of each
10th percentile of 100 sample tree series
b) Effect of “Basal area”: evaluated by means of
the surface occupied by trunks per hectare of
woodland
(Necessary to evaluate the surface occupied by the above
series)
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
15 SAMPLE AREAS
FOR FOREST
STRUCTURE SURVEY
N°
Sample area
1
Northern Como Lake
2
Valtellina-Aprica
3
Valcamonica
4
Western Como Lake
5
Eastern Como Lake
6
Valbrembana
7
Triangolo Lariano
8
Spina Verde
9
Crestoso Mount
10
Valvestino
11
Valtrompia
12
Franciacorta
13
Ticino Valley
14
Lower Apennines
15
Higher Apennines
4
5
7
3
2
1
6
9
8
11
12
13
14
15
10
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Basal area
1,25
Focal species abundance
P=0.072
EXAMPLES OF
STATISTICS
1
0,75
0,5
Focal species
average abundance
P=0.031
0,25
0
<=20
21-24
25-32
>=33
2
m /ha
th
70
1,25
th
percentile
100
1,25
1
0,75
Focal species
average abundance
0,5
0,25
P=0.072
Focal species abundance
Focal species abundance
P=0.073
P=0.007
0
percentile
P=0.067
1
0,75
Focal species
average abundance
0,5
0,25
P=0.019
0
<=11
12-16
17-22
Trunk diameter (cm)
>=23
<=26
27-44
45-58
Trunk diameter (cm)
>=59
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL WOODLAND VARIABLES:
trunk diameters
50
TRUNK DIAMETER
40
30
y = 4,563e 0,0228x
R 2 = 0,995
P<0.001
20
0,0235x
y = 2,293e
R2 = 0,984
P<0.001
10
Minimum optimal diameters series (green)
Minimum acceptable diameters series (red)
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PROGRESSIVE GROWING SERIES OF 100 TREES
90
100
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Min. acceptable
# trees
F
<=5
755
6-10
408
11-15
347
16-20
245
>20
143
Total #
2041
Basal area
20
Min. optimal
# trees
F
<=5
76
6-10
266
11-15
162
16-20
114
21-25
95
26-30
76
31-35
57
36-40
57
>40
57
Total #
951
Basal area
33
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION
1)
Why
the
Focal
species
Potential
suitability
(Expected
abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed
abundance one?
In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the
potential suitable areas?
2)
Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of
Core areas?
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
CORE AREAS IDENTIFICATION
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Focal species
Observed Abundance
map
Focal species
Potential Suitability
(Expected abundance)
map
Effective
CORE AREAS
and
BUFFER ZONES
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
MODEL
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Effective core areas in study area
Potential core areas outside study area
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
Census Data
Land use
Geology
Climate
FOCAL SPECIES identification
Focal species
Observed Abundance
map
Focal species
Potential Suitability
(Expected abundance)
map
Effective
CORE AREAS
and
BUFFER ZONES
Geomorphology
Idrology
…
MODEL
Landscape Connectivity:
Focal species Diffusion
Resistance
map
CORRIDORS
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
RESISTANCE
=1/(suitability+0.001)-1
0-1
1-1.5
1.5-2
2-3
3-10
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Effective core areas in study area
Potential core areas outside study area
Network
> 1 (Potential suitability)
0.75-1
0.50-0.75
0.25-0.50
<0.25
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Fragment size
vs
Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)
vs
Forest structure
N°
SAMPLE AREA
FRAGMENT
SIZE (km2)
MINIMUM
RESISTANCE
1
Northern Como Lake
2368
15,748
2
Valtellina-Aprica
1914
0
3
Valcamonica
2767
25,457
4
Western Como Lake
2368
0
5
Eastern Como Lake
1914
0
6
Valbrembana
1914
9,355
7
Triangolo Lariano
322
13,939
8
Spina Verde
2368
10,242
9
Crestoso Mount
2768
55,011
10
Valvestino
2768
96,586
11
Valtrompia
2768
76,820
12
Franciacorta
10
58,681
13
Ticino Valley
16
42,996
14
Lower Apennines
1807
0
15
Higher Apennines
1807
2,619
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
Fragment size
&
Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)
&
Forest structure
Focal species
abundance
P<0.001
Controlled by:
Resistance
Fragment size
Structural score
R=0.328;
Resistance
R=-0.237; P=0.008
Structural Score
Fragment size
Fragment size
R=-0.082; P=0.403
Structural Score
Resistance
Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa
FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE
CONCLUSIONS
1)
Why
the
Focal
abundance)
map
species
may
Potential
differ
from
suitability
the
(Expected
Focal
species
Observed abundance one?
In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the
potential suitable areas?
•
Because the habitats may differ in their organization
(structure) and/or in floristic composition.
2)
Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of
Core areas?
•
No…if fragments are well connected!