Transcript owen intro to bio - Kowenscience.com

Unit 1: Intro to Biology
Biology is the study and
classification of Life
Bio = Life
Why Study Science ?

To know God better, & follow His Way

To have a safer life, avoiding deception

To have a happier life: science can be fun

To earn a living, in a science vocation
- worship, growth, stewardship, worldview,
witness …
- spiritually, physically, financially (false
advertisements)
- exotic pets, adventure, discovery, ...
- medical, education, animal care,
environmental,
homeland security (anti-bioterror expert)…
Romans 1:20
“For since the
creation of the
world 
His
invisible
attributes are
clearly seen,
being
understood by
the things that
are made, even
His eternal
power
and 
Godhead,
so that they are
without excuse”
Question, Question, Question
Be Curiose = Heart of Science
Who? What? When? Why?
Those that don’t stop asking silly
questions become scientist
And experience the joy of DISCOVERY
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Irreducible
Complexity
Macro Complexity
Thinking Scientifically =
Be Analytical,
Be Systematic
Remain = Biblical
Why create them?
To teach us how to
love others, as He
loves us, for His
glory and our joy.
www.soulcare.org
Sid Galloway
Is this really God’s Will?
Atheistic evolution
is a
mathematical absurdity:
Nobody + Nothing =
Everything?
This is how it should have
been
Isaiah 11 and 65
•Biology
The
study of life
It is a complex and
highly organized
study that begins with
atoms and progresses
to the biosphere
Father
Biology
of
Life

Difficult to define

The property of plants and animals
which makes it possible for them to:

1. take in food

2.grow

3. change to surroundings (adapt)

4. reproduce
Some characteristics that
distinguish living from non
living
 Metabolism:
the sum of all
chemical processes in the body
 2 types of of metabolism
 1. catabolism: reaction break
large molecules into smaller
 2. anabolism :reaction builds
large molecules
Categories of living
organisms
 Producers:
Autotrophs
 Consumers

Heterotrophs
 Decomposers
An autotroph
is an organism
that uses an
outside energy
source like the
Sun to make
energy-rich
molecules.
Heterotroph
A
heterotroph
is an organism
that cannot
make their own
energy-rich
molecules.
Heterotrophs
obtain energy
by eating other
organisms.
Wolves can’t
make their
own food.
They are
consumers.
The Cape Buffalo
can’t make its own
food. It is a
7 Criteria for life
1.
Organization
2.
Homeostasis
(steady state
3.
Adaptation
4.
development
Reproduction
6. Respond to
stimulus
7. DNA molecule
5.
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
 Population:
members of
same species in the same
place
 Community: population of
species living in the same
area.
 Ecosystem: community
and nonliving portion
 Biome:
large scale
communities classified by
the predominant
vegetation types
distinctive combination
of plants and animals
 Biosphere: planet earth
atom
Cell
tissue
organ
Organ system
organism
Correlation of structure
and function
 In
living organisms there is a
correlation between form and
function
 Biological structures give clues
about what they do and how
they work
 Knowing a structure’s function
gives insight about its
construction
Cellular basis of life
The cell is life’s basic unit of structure
and function
 It is the lowest level of structure
capable of performing activities of life
 All organisms are composed of cells
 May exist singularly ( unicellular) or as
subunits of multicellular organisms

EARLY MICROSCOPES
Zacharias
Janssen - made 1st
compound microscope
a Dutch maker of reading
glasses (late 1500’s)
Leeuwenhoek

The first to observe
living cells ( 1675)

discovered blood
cells, bacteria and
other single-celled
organisms which
he named
“animacules
Discovery of cells

Cells were first seen in 1665 by the early
microscopist Robert Hooke.

Hooke was examining cork wood, and
noticed that the wood was divided into
little squares or “cells”
CELL THEORY: Schleiden
and Schwann

A theory resulting from
many scientists’
observations &
conclusions
All organisms
are composed
of cells
 2. cell is the
simplest unit
of life
 3. cells come
from
preexisting
cells

1.
Ultra structure of cells
Cells are bound by plasma membranes
that regulate the passage of materials
between the cell and its surrounding
 Some cells have a tough cell wall
outside the plasma membrane (plant
cells) animal cells lack cell walls
 Cells are controlled by their DNA
 The largest organelle in the cell is the
nucleus


Two basic cell types:
Eukaryotes (Eu = true) (kary = nucleus) Organisms
whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and
other organelles.
Prokaryotes (Pro = before) Organisms without a
membrane-bound nucleus (bacteria).
*
Ditonomous key

a written set of
choices that leads to the
name of an organism
Father
of
taxonomy

:

:

1. plant
2. Animal
3. Protist
4. Fungi
5. Monera/
Prokaryotae

1. Plant
2. Animal
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Eubacteria(
true bacteria)
6.
Archaebactera









Plantae:
multicellular
Eukaryotic
autotrophs

Multicelluar
Eukaryotic
heterotrophs
The science of organizing
and classifying organisms.
 Early
scientific names
described the physical
characteristics of a species
in great detail and were
often 20 words long and was
difficult because scientist
chose different
characteristics for the same
species
 Ex:
“ Oak with deeply divided
leaves that have no hairs on their
undersides and no teeth around
their edges
 Today
Scientists use Carolus
Linnaeus's seven levels of
classification.
 This is done since scientists
often classify species
into subspecies, varieties or
strains to denote
variations within a species.
The seven levels of
classification are as
followed:
 KINGDOM
(MOST GENERAL)

PHYLUM (DIVISION IN PLANTS)
CLASS
ORDER (suborders end in -ina)
FAMILY ( subfamilies end in -inae)
GENUS
SPECIES (MOST SPECIFIC)

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE





Aristotle
classified living
things as either
PLANT or
ANIMAL.
 He
divided plants into 3
subcategorizes on the basis of Stem
differentiation.
 Animals
were subdivided into land
dwellers, water dwellers, and air
dwellers
The Scientific Method
A
logical approach to the
solution of a problem, that
lends itself to investigations
by observation,
generalization, theorizing and
testing
Steps in the Scientific
method
1.
observe and state a problem
2.
Form a hypothesis
3.
Test the hypothesis
4.
Record and analyze data
5.
Form a conclusion
6.
Replicate the work
Steps 1,&,2 Observing and
stating the problem and forming
a hypothesis

In the first step, a scientist develops a
hypothesis in response to an observation.
Hypothesis: a tentative explanation for an
observation that provides a basis for
experimentation
For an experiment to be valid, it
should contain a control setup, a
variable, and an experimental
setup

Control setup: The part of the
experiment that does not contain the
variable

Experimental setup: the part of the
experiment that does contain the variable

Variable: the single factor that is
isolated and tested

A valid experiment contains only one
variable ,
b) Experiment

Next, the Scientist performs an experiment designed to test
the validity of the hypothesis.
Experiment: the observation of natural phenomena carried out
in a controlled manner so that the results can be duplicated
and rational conclusions obtained

If the results of the experiment contradict the hypothesis, a
new hypothesis must be developed.
Hypothesis

No hypothesis, theory or law is
ever free from being tested

Hypothesis should be written in
an “If…..then” form

“If fertilizer is used, then the
crops will produce more.”

This allows for the hypothesis to
be either accepted or rejected,
no gray areas
c) Law

After a series of experiments, a researcher may
see a relationship or a regularity in the results. If
this relationship can be stated clearly, we call it a
law.
Law: concise statement that summarizes a
wide range of experimental results & has
not been contradicted by experiments

A law summarizes a set of experimental results,
but does not provide an explanation.
d) Theory

If a hypothesis is supported by a great deal of
experimental data, it becomes a theory.

Theory: The most logical explanation of events
that occur in nature
Theory: a tested explanation of basic natural
phenomena; a unifying principle that explains a
body of facts and the laws based on them
Data

Recorded observations and
measurements

Varies with each type of lab performed:
qualitative, quantitative