Transcript Ducci-Phenology

Workshop on
Activity No 5
Questionnaire on efficiency on assessment of
Adaptive Traits
Fulvio Ducci (Partner 12), [email protected]
&
Darius Danusevicius (Partner 15), [email protected]
Gerry Douglas (Partner 14), [email protected]
Luc Paques (Partner 1), [email protected]
Many different definitions can be found about adaptation and adaptive
traits:
• Adaptive Trait: a genetic trait that helps an organism to maximize its
reproductive success.
• The Oxford Dictionary of Science : "Any change in the structure or
functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its
environment".
•
Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism
becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
• Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an
organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
• An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the
organism which enables or enhances the probability of that
organism surviving and reproducing.
Some definition more…
• Adaptation: Adjustment of a gene pool of a
population to a given environment (i.e. ecotypes
of spruce adapted to low altitude climate or to
high altitude mountain climate) (Nanson 2004) .
• Phenology: The study of the timing of periodic
phenomena such as flowering, growth initiation,
growth cessation, etc., especially as related to
seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod,
etc. (Wright 1976, Nanson 2004).
Anyway, TBDX Lab. doesn’t consider phenology only………
Regional sharing of Species Monitoring
TBDX species monitored and Partners involved: Pab, Fsy, Fex and Pme are the
most investigated, followed by Pav, Pop, Psy. Mainly nordic or higher elevation
species.
Species Monitored for adaptive traits in the TBDX area
spp.
Aal
Aglu
Aps
Bpe
Pra; 1
Psy; 5
Qspp; 4
spp.; 4
Aal; 2
Psi; 1
Pop; 5
Aglu; 1
Aps; 1
Bpe; 1
Csa; 1
Fex; 7
Csa
Fex
Fsy
Jre
Lde
Pab
Pme; 7
Pce; 1
Fsy; 7
Pav; 5
Jre; 2
Pab; 9
Lde; 2
Pav
Pce
Pme
Pop
Psi
Pra
Psy
Qspp
The pattern of Partners involved in TBDX influences also the higner
weight of nosrthern species
Amounto of species monitored by TBDX by Partner
P1
P3
P4
Where the monitoring
is carried out
P6
P7
P 26; 1
P 21; 1
P 20; 5
P 24; 4
P 25; 1
P 27; 1
P8
P9
P 1; 6
Amount ofPspecies
monitored by TBDX States
11
P 3; 3
P 4; 3
P 6; 1
P 7; 1
P 19; 2
P 12
P 13
P 14
SWE; 1SWE; 1
SPA; 4
P 18; 4
P 17; 1
P 15
FRA; 6
P 17
PSPA;
8; 7 1
FRA; 1
P 18
P 15; 6
P 14; 1
P 13; 4
P 12; 5
P 11; 1
P9 ; 5
BEL; 3
P 19
ROM; 5
P 20
BEL; 3
P 21
POL; 2
P 24
GER; 1
P 25
GER; 1
P 26
POL; 4
P 27
NOR; 1
GER; 7
LIT; 6
DEN; 5
IRE; 1
IRE; 4
UK; 1
ITA; 5
FRA
FRA
BEL
BEL
GER
GER
GER
DEN
UK
ITA
IRE
IRE
LIT
NOR
POL
POL
ROM
SPA
SPA
SWE
SWE
3.1 Phenological traits adopted
3.1f . hardening
8%
3.1g. shoot elongat ion
3.1a. budbreak
11%
32%
3.1e. leaf color
3.1a. budbreak
3.1b. budset
3.1c. f lowering
8%
3.1d. leaf f all down
3.1e. leaf color
3.1d. leaf f all down
3.1g. shoot elongat ion
8%
3.1c. f lowering
3.1b. budset
18%
15%
3.1f . hardening
3. Other traits adopted
3.7 Drought
3.8 Cambial activity
resistance
4%
7%
3.6 Early frost
resistance
14%
3.5 Late frost
resistance
19%
3.2 Survival
35%
3.3. Shoot frost
hardiness
3.4 Requirement
14%
of chilling
temperatures for
deep dormancy
release
7%
3.2 Survival
3.3. Shoot frost
hardiness
3.4 Requirement of
chilling temperatures for
deep dormancy release
3.5 Late frost resistance
3.6 Early frost resistance
3.7 Drought resistance
3.8 Cambial activity
3.9 Other traits or related characters mentioned by
Partners
• Related to: .
• 1. Maintainance of Apical dominance;
• 2.Occurence of spikeknots (autumn-winter frosts) or
double tops;
• 3 .Resistance to diseases,
• 4. Resistance or avoidance of stress/pests/diseases;
• 5. August St. John shoots,
• 6 fructification,
• 7 Needle cast;
• 8. Cell cycle ;
• 9. Fructification;
• 10. Needle colour.
4.3 Marker
assisted selection
(MAS) methods?
4%
4.2.2 - selecting
for high genotype
x environment
interaction?
11%
4.2.1 - selecting
for low genotype
x environment
interaction?
24%
4.AIMS
4.4 Testing
endangered
populations?
3%
4.1 Studying
adaptation
variability?
29%
4.2 Improvement
and/or breeding?
29%
4.1 Studying adaptation
variability?
4.2 Improvement and/or
breeding?
4.2.1 - selecting for low
genotype x environment
interaction?
4.2.2 - selecting for high
genotype x environment
interaction?
4.3 Marker assisted selection
(MAS) methods?
4.4 Testing endangered
populations?
5. Also Commercial plantations
and in greenhouses
5. Observation conditions
6b. Scoring method: do you use..
In nursery
In controlled
conditions
16%
In field tests
50%
Descriptors
48%
In nursery
34%
In field tests
Pictures /
In controlled
draw ings as conditions
for
reference
Method adopted
stages
52%
2) Quantitative
measurements
28%
1) Scoring the
phenological
stages
72%
Pictures / draw ings as
reference for stages
Descriptors
1) Scoring the
phenological stages
2) Quantitative
measurements
Timing
Several
assessments per
year
27%
The adaptive trait
survey/monitoring is
carried out one year
only
13%
Timing used
The adaptive trait
survey/monitoring is
carried out one year
only
More then one year
One assessment per
year at a fixed date
More then one year
43%
One assessment
per year at a fixed
date
17%
Several assessments
per year
Investigated for 10 species:
Aglu,Bpe,Fex,Jre,Pab,Pav,Pop,Pra,Psy and Qro
Physio- Requirement kind very poorly used, low knowledge or
expensive?
Other
29%
Chilling Units
42%
Chilling Units
Photoperiod
Other
Photoperiod
29%
6c. Chilling & photoperiod requirements are the amount of hours or
days passed under a minimum stage of temperature or a
minimum/maximum day duration used by trees as a reference for their
phenological traits
• Requirements depend on origin of the tested Species/variety.
• Minimum requirements can vary according to the altitude and the
latitude of provenance and probably according to the single
genotype.
• Flowering, Flower receptivity, Seed germination, Bud set, Bud break,
Flushing, Growth cessation and related traits depend on or are
influenced by photoperiod, termoperiod, moisture distribution
and, in southern countries, on water supply in summer. Those
factor can work alone but also combined.
• Most of forest species seem to be unknown by forest tree breeders
from this point of view (is that true?). Only Norway spruce, Scots
Pine, beech, wild cherry, walnut and chestnut are quite known.
• But it is possible having information for Silver fir, Douglas fir,
Larch….
Monitoring in multisite networks is prevailing.
No experimental
design or no
significant amounts
of data can be
recorded (arboreta,
archives,
germplasm
collections), but
replicated in more
than one site
7%
In only one site
(local satistic
design)
26%
6d, Methods: statistic meaning.
No experimental
design or no
significant amounts
of data can be
recorded (arboreta,
archives,
germplasm
collections),
replicated in only
one site
7%
Multisite tests
(statistic design)
60%
Multisite tests (statistic design)
In only one site (local satistic
design)
No experimental design or no
significant amounts of data can
be recorded (arboreta, archives,
germplasm collections), but
replicated in more than one site
No experimental design or no
significant amounts of data can
be recorded (arboreta, archives,
germplasm collections),
replicated in only one site
Provenances and progenies are the most
investigated
7. Kind of m aterials m onitored
Hybrids vs.
parental species
adatptation
variability?
2%
Species
(interspecific
variation)
9%
Clones
18%
Seed orchards
15%
Progenies
25%
Provenances
(intraspecific
variation)
31%
Hybrids vs. parental species
adatptation variability?
Species (interspecific
variation)
Provenances (intraspecific
variation)
Progenies
Seed orchards
Clones
For phenologycal stages, crown sector, number of trees monitored
and skill of people are the focal points togheter with clear scoring
methods.
10. Efficiency: how the w ork is organised?
Using extreme
conditions sites
4%
Increasing the number
of sites
15%
Increasing the number
of trees
21%
Using the same branch
9%
Only one skilled person
Only one skilled person
19%
Averaging the score
over a team of
observers
9%
Using the same part of
the crow n
23%
Averaging the score over a team of
observers
Using the same part of the crow n
Using the same branch
Increasing the number of trees
Increasing the number of sites
Using extreme conditions sites
12. Advantages:
•
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Organization aspects:
Quick e cheap.
Good base for statistical evaluations.
Repeatability and comparability.
Photographs allow a relatively fast assessment.
Easy measurements and a high number of data for statistical analysis.
No needed a great experience and hard training
•
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Methodological and scientific advantages:
Indication of how well matched the source is to local conditions.
Improvements: possibility of analysing the within specie/population variability.
Rather fast, good heritability and thus high precision of breeding value estimates.
Relatively stable assessment
Good heritability and thus high precision of breeding value estimates.
The scoring makes it possible to apply quantitative genetic analysis.
A help in the understanding of mating patterns and seed production.
No needed a great experience
J-M correlation is very high, thus no need for many repeated measuments.
Correlated with stem quality aspects
Knowledge, may provide physiological understanding.
It can help for understanding the provenances range.
13. Major Problems
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Organization Problems
Calibration of the team members and Subjective assessment if changing monitoring
teams/persons.
Time consuming.
Need to assess at the right time of the year per each site.
Distances from the sites.
Size of trees: trees must not be too high so you can reach the upper part of the crowns without
major problem.
Using scoring at the ‘right time’ especially with field tests far from the institute without anybody to
observe the plantation.
Problems connected with the traits or the biology of trees
Time of phenology stages varies by year, needed to repeat several years.
Different phenology stages on different parts of a crown,
Some traits such as bud set and bud burst are very difficult to assess.
In some years (hot springs) too short time to distinguish different stages,
Deviation of phenology due to frost damages.
The measurements will have to be repeteated in case of differences in days in bud burst.
Some data can be lost because of: late frost damage of flower.
the disparition of some monitored trees.
For some trait as top budburst problem is when it has internal damaged .
Differences in survival and phenology maybe caused not only by differences in adaptation and
adaptability but by chance or site difference too.
Weather conditions – sometimes because of long winter, the most trees start flushing at the
same time (small diversification); the same in autumn with leaves coloring because of early hard
frosts.
14. What are the benefits of using phenological monitoring ?
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Better register of the adaptive capacity of the species.
Climate change assessment at different scales.
Responses of the population and of the off-springs in new environmental
conditions.
selections of genotypes of suitable growth rhythm for specific constant or variable
environments/climates and thus improving growth, quality of stems and wood.
Particularly bud break and bud set are important variables explaining the
geographic differentiation of different species. Their meaning varies with the latitude
and altitude.
variation in responses of parental species and hybrids to climate
Very stable traits in time with few observations needed, and strongly related to
genetic structure.
It may give the answer to the question, which populations you can move to the
other (worse or more variable) conditions, which is very important in situation of
possible climate changes.
select material adapted to local conditions for drought or frost tolerant, high yield,
low forking defect, etc.
flowering synchrony for seed orchards for flowering,
to integrate genetic data variation with adaptive traits variation.
Linking these ground-based observations with the view from space could
enhance our capacity to track the biotic response to climate changes. Trends to
earlier spring arrivals include changes in plant species composition, changes in timing
and distribution of pests and disease, and potentially disrupted ecological
interactions.
Everybody agree with the importance of monitoring for its correlation
with quality traits and for the new challenges related to the climate
change effects
16. Future outlook for adaptation monitoring
Remain the
same
49%
Increase
45%
Decrease
6%
Increase
Decrease
Remain the same
Conclusion:
Phenology is the main driver of tree adaptation. It is linked to many
adaptive, architectural and perhaps wood traits.
Moreover, heritability of phenology is , by far, the highest among all
other traits.Additional experimental plots (provenance/progeny/clonal
trials) will be established in the future with other species refering to the
climate change problem; the importance of other methods like MAS
will increase – both methods should complete each other.
Assessment of plasticity/stability in the scope of climate change.
Possible climate changes and needs for populations or species with
higher plasticity, more resistant to frosts or other unfavourable factors.
Possible future actions:
• Nearest future: publishing these results
somewhere (Who?....)
• Next steps:
• Establishing a TBDX European Phenology
Network based on the international trials?
• Needed to continue the maintainance and the
estabòishment of international common trials on
model species. It has been possible in the XIX
century, why not nowadays?
• Monitoring should be carried out on ex situ, but
also on in situ origin populations.
• Leuven:
• Reporting methods of record, pictures d
guidelines;
• Having god meth. References;
• Reccomendations late frost, early frosts, bud
break, bud set, flush, flowering, color
• 2 page of description of pictures and protocol by
traits and species
• Physiology studies related to phenolgical
aspects?