Transcript Chapter 16 - Jamestown Public Schools

Change of Ecosystems Over
Time
New
Ecosystems
begin when
 Volcanoes form new islands
 Fire burns all vegetation in an area
 Glacier recedes, exposing bare
rock
 Farming
Change of Ecosystems Over
Time
Pioneer
Species
 **Pioneer Species:
first organisms to live
in a new habitat
 Small, fast growing
plants
 Make ground
hospitable for others
 Will be outcompeted
and replaced by other
plant immigrants, later
on
Change of Ecosystems Over
Time
Succession
 **Primary Succession- occurs
where plants have not grown
before
 **Secondary Succession- occurs
where plants have grown before
 No two successions are alike –
doesn’t always lead to the same
final community
Glacier Bay
Succession Example
 Glacier Bay Alaska
 Glacier melts and recedes
exposing bare ground
 Bare ground is rocky, and nutrient
poor
 Pioneer seeds and spores and
begin to grow close to ground
 Root growing plants seeds blow in
begin to grow
 Eventually large hemlocks and
spruces take over
Try This
Imagine a large forest fire destroyed all of the
vegetation in an area
Starting at time zero, draw the stages
representing the succession that would occur
You should have at least four stages
Try This
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
What is the difference between
ecosystems and communities?
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
After a forest fire,
what is the most
likely order in which
these stages
appeared?
(1) D→C→A→B
(2) B→D→C→A
(3) A→B→C→D
(4) B→C→D→A
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
Which statement describes an activity
of a decomposer?
(1) A mushroom digests and absorbs
nutrients from organic matter.
(2) A sunflower uses nutrients from
the soil to make proteins.
(3) A snail scrapes algae off rocks in
an aquarium.
(4) A hawk eats and digests a mouse.
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
A relationship between a consumer
and producer is best illustrated by a
(1) snake eating a bird
(2) tree absorbing minerals
(3) fungus breaking down wastes
(4) deer eating grass
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
 Which statement represents a characteristic of
an ecosystem that is not likely to sustain itself?
 (1) The Sun provides the needed energy.
 (2) Energy is transferred from plants to animals.
 (3) There are more consumers than producers.
 (4) There are interactions between biotic and
abiotic factors.
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
Give an example of an
abiotic and a biotic factor
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
One way humans can promote the survival
of organisms in an ecosystem is to
(1) decrease diversity in plant habitats
(2) introduce new consumers to control
autotrophs
(3) release extra CO2 into the atmosphere to
help autotrophs
(4) learn about the interactions of
populations
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
The diagram
best
represents(1) a
population(2)
an ecosystem
(3) a
community(4)
the biosphere
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions
A bird may best be described as
(1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
(2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
more closely related to a robin than to an
earthworm
(3) a scavenger that feeds on animals and
reproduces asexually
(4) an autotroph that probes tree bark for
insects and is pathogenic
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 Which row in the chart correctly identifies characteristics that
can be associated with the members of this food chain?
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 Human activity caused a sharp
decline in small invertebrate
populations. Based on the food
web, a likely consequence of this
change would be
 (1) an increase in the
number of clams
 (2) a decrease in the number
of water plants
 (3) an increase in the
number of crabs
 (4) a decrease in the number
of crayfish
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
Which concept is best represented in the
diagram below?
(1) random mutations (3) genetic engineering
(2) ecological succession(4) direct harvesting
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow) END
Which process initially provides the link between
an abiotic factor and the energy needs of an
entire ecosystem?
 (1) respiration
 (2) photosynthesis
(3) decomposition
 (4) predation
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 Draw a food chain for the following organisms:
 Snake, grass, owl, rabbit
 Use your food chain to label the primary
producer, primary consumer, secondary
consumer, and the tertiary consumer
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 This diagram can be used to represent
the
 (1) dependency of animal survival on
physical conditions in an ecosystem
 (2) loss of energy from various groups of
organisms in an ecosystem
 (3) competition among species in an
ecosystem
 (4) mechanisms that maintain
homeostasis in the plants in an
ecosystem
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 Which species would most likely be a
decomposer?
 (1) A
 (2) C
 (3) B
 (4) D
 Which statement best describes the diagram?
 (1) Community A is the most stable community.
 (2) Community B replaced community C after a
period of 100 years.
 (3) Community C developed into community A after
a period of 75 years.
 (4) Community D modified the environment,
making it more suitable for community E.
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 A decrease in the grass
population will most
immediately decrease
the available energy for
the
 (1) mouse
 (2) snake
 (3) hawk
 (4) frog
Whiteboards – Quick
Questions (Energy Flow)
 Which organisms are
carnivores?
 (1) grass and trees
 (2) mouse, rabbit, and
cricket
 (3) deer and mountain
lion
 (4) frog, snake, and
hawk
Chapter 16
Quiz Tomorrow
-Food Web Lab Due
Today
Cycling of Materials in
Ecosystems
 Biogeochemic
al Cycles
 Biogeochemical Cycles:
Elements are constantly
recycled and reused to maintain
the health of ecosystems
 Substances enter living
organisms, then return to the
nonliving environment
Cycling of Materials in
Ecosystems
 Biogeochemic
al Cycles
 Three Main Cycles:
 Water Cycle
 Carbon Cycle
 Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle