Transcript Biodiversity_Chapter2

Biodiversity
Why is it important?
Available at http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl
BCB 705:
Biodiversity
Some Things to Consider
 The question asked on the title slide assumes that
biodiversity is important, is it?
 Biodiversity has been subject to huge losses (mass
extinctions) before. Why should we worry about it?
 Is our anthropocentric view of biodiversity the only valid
view?
 “What sort of world do we want to live in?” (p. 87 Gaston &
Spicer 1998).
 “What sort of world are we prepared to pay to live in?” (p. 87
Gaston & Spicer 1998)
 If biodiversity is important, how do we use it sustainably?
Ways of Assigning Value to
Biodiversity
 This does not only consider monetary value.
 Non-use Values
 Use Values
 Indirect
 Direct
 Intrinsic Value
Non-use Value
 Option Value
 Bequest Value
 Existence Value
 Aesthetic Value
Indirect Use Value
Waste
Treatment
Soil
Fertility
Soil Formation & Maintenance
Erosion
Control
Decomposition
Nutrient
Cycling
Gas Regulation
Climate
Regulation
+ Abiotic
= Habitat
Carbon Sequestration
Air Purification
Natural Organisms
form Ecosystems
Water Purification
Food
Trophic
Levels
Biological
Control
Pollination
Water Regulation
Disturbance
Control
Direct Use – Indicator of Environmental Resources
 Certain plant species serve as reliable indicators of desired
environmental conditions.
 Some plant species have affinities to certain metals.
Indicator of Environmental Resources –
Dependence and Effect
 The use of plants as indicators of environmental
resources is dependent on autecological
knowledge of the plant species. Such
knowledge depends on studies of the species in
its natural habitat which requires all the
ecosystem services to maintain it.
 Unfortunately the use of the resources indicated
by the plant species tends to be detrimental to
the continued existence of the species in that
area.
Direct Use – Food Production
 Most of what we eat is produced
by living organisms – either
through agriculture or harvesting
from the wild.
 Subsistence farmers
particularly benefit from
biodiversity.
 Food additives
 Aids to food production – e.g. pesticides, insecticides,
fungicides & fertilizers.
 Genetic improvement of domesticated species.
 Non-Use Value = Source of new species for agricultural use.
Food Production – Effects and Dependence
 The survival of species
harvested from the wild is
threatened.
 Wild harvesting is dependent on
all the different ecosystem
services to sustain the production Cropland uses space.
of the harvested species.
 Agriculture is dependent on biological control of soil
organisms, nutrient cycling, pollination, soil formation and
maintenance, soil fertility and water purification for plant
production and all of the above with the addition of food
sources for animal production.
Direct Use – Biological Control
 The direct use of a natural enemy to control
a pest organism.
 See the Invasion Biology course (Chapter 8)
for more detail.
Biological Control – Dependence
 Biological control makes direct use of the natural biological
control exerted by ecosystems in an unnatural context.
 The biological control agent is dependent on all ecosystem
services that support its host, e.g. nutrient cycling and
habitat. The maintenance of a habitat involves all the other
ecosystem services.
Direct Use – Medicine
 Commercial production of
plants for the extraction of
medicines or direct
commercial production of
biodiversity derived
medicines.
 Traditional medicines (see
picture).
 Animals for product testing
 Non-Use Value = Source of
new medicines
Medicine – Dependence
 Animal testing of medicines requires food for the animals.
 Wild harvesting for traditional or other use is dependent on
all the different ecosystem services to sustain the
production of the harvested species.
 Chemical production of medicines is dependent on the
water and air purification and waste treatment services of
ecosystems.
Many primate
species are
used to test
drugs.
Direct Use – Industry
 Raw materials for industrial use include timber, rattans, fibers, oils,
fats, resins, waxes, dyes, fuels, cellulose, latex, cork, lubricants,
poisons, scales, bones, hides and rubber.
 Products include cosmetics, scents, clothing, paper, etc.
 Some plants may serve as tools for the extraction of minerals.
 Non-Use Value = Source of new materials for industrial use.
Harvesting Rubber
Lumber
Industry – Dependence
 For farmed raw materials (e.g.
timber) the same dependence occurs
as in agriculture: biological control
of soil organisms, nutrient cycling,
pollination, soil formation and
maintenance, soil fertility and water
purification for plant production and
all of the above with the addition of
food sources for animal production.
 Wild harvesting is dependent on
all the different ecosystem services
to sustain the production of the
harvested species.
 All industry is dependent on natural
systems for water and air purification
and waste treatment.
Direct Use – Bioremediation
 Bioremediation is the use of biological
organisms or their products (enzymes) to
remove or detoxify contaminants from
hazardous waste and contaminated soil or
water.
 A species of bacteria can breakdown
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
 Poplar trees (see picture) are used to
clean contaminated industrial sites.
Bioremediation – Dependence
 Bioremediation depends directly on the
ecological services of waste treatment and
water purification.
Direct Use – Indicator of Ecological Change
 Changes in the levels of
biodiversity or individual
species ranges may be used to
indicate changes in the ecology.
 Lichen species serve as
indicators of air quality (see
picture).
Indicator of Ecological Change –
Dependence
 Changes in biodiversity reflect changes in the ecosystem
that have changed the balance of ecosystem services. This
use of biodiversity relies directly on the organisms to
indicate the condition of the ecosystem of which they are a
part.
Direct Use – Live Trade
 Ornamental plants including
geophytes, orchids and
succulents.
 Pets
 Animals for laboratory use,
recreation and ecotourism.
Live Trade – Dependence
Crassula coccinea
 Farmed organisms for live trade require the same inputs as
for agriculture.
 Wild harvesting of both plants and animals is dependent on
all the ecosystem services to sustain the organisms for
harvesting.
Direct Use – Ecotourism and Recreation
 People pay to view biodiversity
in the natural environment.
This is termed ecotourism.
 Recreation
 Gardening
 Camping
 Hiking and Mountain Biking
 Sport
 Fishing
 Hunting
 Falconry
Ecotourism and Recreation – Dependence
 Ecotourism is dependent on all ecological
services.
 Recreational activities such as gardening rely
on nutrient cycling, soil fertility and soil
formation and maintenance.
 Camping, hiking and mountain biking in
natural areas rely on all ecological services to
maintain the aesthetic appeal of the
environment.
 Sports such has fishing, hunting and falconry
rely on prey species and the ecological
services that sustain them – food sources
and habitats which require all the ecological
services to maintain them.
Direct Use – Working Animals
 Various ‘wild’ animal species
have been trained to aid man.
 Asian elephants are
trained as draught
animals.
 Fishing in China and
Southeast Asia
Working Animals – Dependence
 Farmed working animals require the same inputs as for
agriculture.
 Wild harvesting of animals is dependent on all the
ecosystem services to sustain the organisms for harvesting.
Direct Use – Cultural
 Biodiversity serves as a source of inspiration
for art, poetry and literature and influences
philosophy, language and religion in many
societies.
 Biodiversity may also supply the medium in
which the art is expressed – e.g. canvas for
painting and wood for sculptures.
Cultural – Dependence
 In as much as any aspect of biodiversity may provide inspiration,
cultural diversity is reliant on all ecological services to maintain
the source of inspiration.
 Materials for use in art are the products of industry so the
ecological services needed by industry apply – air and water
purification and waste treatment as well as supports for
production.
Direct Use – Knowledge
 Each species provides unique
information that is lost if the
species becomes extinct. Species,
species interactions and intact
ecosystems are important
research areas.
 Biodiversity provides clues on
evolution, past and present.
 Biodiversity presents insights
into how life functions.
Knowledge – Dependence
 All ecosystem services are needed to develop
understanding of biodiversity.
Problems with Monetary Values and
Societal Control
 Market values do not reflect the impacts of use on society
and biodiversity.
 Short term vs. long term benefits
 Money may increase faster than the
resource reproduces.
 The rarity of a species increases the
monetary value of the product though the
costs of obtaining it also increase.
 The development of products takes time.
 Ownership. If I do not use this, someone else will.
 Who benefits? Informal vs. formal markets – political
hierarchy.
Chapter 1 Biodiversity: what is it?
Chapter 2 The evolution of biodiversity
Chapter 3 Biodiversity: why is it important?
Chapter 4 …
I hope that you found chapter 3 informative and that you will
enjoy chapter 4.